What this archive will let an agent claim.

The two tiers

How it is graded

No model judges an answer. Every score comes from substring matching and citation-shape validation, so the same answer graded twice gets the same number, and anyone can re-run it.

Multi-source questions follow the same rubric across every expected source: all of them cited scores 1, none of them scores 0, and any partial result scores 0.5. Naming the right source without reproducing the distinctive content it contains caps a question at 0.5, which is retrieval without reading.

Why three numbers

An agent can name a work it never opened. Reporting only the number that rewards this would overstate what the archive delivers, so all three are published and the gap between them is the interesting part.

Loose

The expected source is named somewhere in the answer. Nothing more.

Graded

The headline. Citation discipline, on the 0 / 0.5 / 1 rubric above.

Strict

Graded, but a paragraph citation only counts if the agent’s tool trace shows it actually fetched that paragraph.

The pool: 255 questions

Built by sampling the corpus from a fixed seed, so coverage is a property of the archive rather than of whoever wrote the questions. Most questions do not name their source: a reader does not know what is in here, and an archive that only answers when you already know the answer is not much of an archive.

What the tools will actually hand over

Building the pool turned up a gap, and closing it was the single largest improvement to come out of this exercise. For a Tier B work the tools used to return the summary and little else. The archive held a great deal more: key-point digests for 1,515 works and a per-article summary for 781 of them, all sitting in the markdown body the API was already handing out the address of, while read_clean_content answered a Tier B request with “no trusted body text exists”. An agent was told the text was not there and given its address in the same breath.

A third of the pool needed detail on the far side of that. Now get_work_metadata returns the digests and the per-article summaries, and the refusal says what is actually true: no transcribed source text exists, which is the thing an agent must not quote. What remains out of reach is counted apart below rather than folded into the headline, because a thin retrieval surface should not read as poor citation discipline.

Nothing here undermines the two-tier claim. The per-article text is summary prose written by our extraction pipeline, not transcribed source text, so it remains something to attribute rather than quote.

Asking for something that is not here

Every other question asks whether an agent can find what the archive has. The last group asks what it does when the archive has nothing. The corpus runs from 1850 to 2026, and ninety-seven years inside that range hold no work at all, 1947 among them. The question takes for granted that there is something from that year, because that is how the question gets asked, and the only correct answer says there is not.

Citing a work scores zero here, unless the answer has already said we hold nothing from that year, in which case pointing at what we do hold nearby is more useful than a bare denial. An earlier version of this cell asked what a given person had written, and had to be abandoned: the archive records authorship four different ways, the agents kept correctly finding works our own metadata said were not there, and a check strict enough to trust left no one to ask about. The paper tells that story properly.

Every question

The full pool, with the sources each question expects and the strings its answer must contain. A score nobody can inspect is a marketing number.

1. il-0001 In Ravi Shanker Kapoor's essay 'Censorship and the Law of Inexorability,' which 1959 Mrinal Sen film did Jawaharlal Nehru's government ban for two years? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: musings:censorship-and-the-law-of-inexorability

   Paragraph anchors: p-67e5cb

   Answer must contain: “Neel Akasher Neechey”

2. il-0002 According to Indian Liberals' profile 'Minoo Masani: From Socialism to Liberal Swatantra Party,' what was the title of the 1944 pamphlet in which Masani questioned four core assumptions of Marxism? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: opinions:minoo-masani-from-socialism-to-liberal-swatantra-party

   Paragraph anchors: p-6035af

   Answer must contain: “Socialism Reconsidered”

3. il-0003 In B.R. Shenoy's article 'Consumer Sovereignty Leads to Rapid Economic Development,' which Canadian-American economist's claim that planning is crucial to economic development does he counter? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: musings:consumer-sovereignty-leads-to-rapid-economic-development

   Paragraph anchors: p-0a42e3

   Answer must contain: “Galbraith”

4. il-0004 At what New Delhi lecture series did Nani Palkhivala deliver 'Economic Growth with Social Justice' in 1969? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: musings:economic-growth-with-social-justice-1969

   Paragraph anchors: p-9e1a06

   Answer must contain: “Shriram Memorial Lecture”

5. il-0005 In Minoo Masani's ThePrint essay on why the 'socialist pattern' and democracy cannot co-exist for long, which Italian theorist does he cite as having foreseen that a state acting as sole employer and landlord ceases to be democratic? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: theprint-mirror:socialism-democracy-minoo-masani

   Paragraph anchors: p-0df90b

   Answer must contain: “Benedetto Croce”

6. il-0006 In the Indian Liberals profile 'Justice H.R. Khanna and the Art of Speaking Truth to Power,' who was appointed Chief Justice of India in his place after his dissenting opinion in the Habeas Corpus case? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: opinions:hans-raj-khanna-justice-speaking-truth-to-power

   Paragraph anchors: p-db9863

   Answer must contain: “M.H. Beg”

7. il-0007 In B.R. Shenoy's 1977 paper on economic growth with social justice, which economist did he quote on private ownership of the means of production being the foundation of civilization? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: musings:b-r-shenoy-on-economic-growth-with-social-justice

   Paragraph anchors: p-cccef2

   Answer must contain: “Ludwig von Mises”

8. il-0008 In the Indian Liberals profile of D.R. Pendse, what did he call the one-man think tank he ran from Mumbai after retiring from the Tatas? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: thinkers:d-r-pendse

   Paragraph anchors: p-29e2f4

   Answer must contain: “Centre for Economic Policy Advice”

9. il-0009 In the Indian Liberals profile of Iqbalunnisa Hussain, what is the title of her 1944 work offering a scathing critique of patriarchy within a Muslim household? Tier A named · single 0.5

   Expected sources: opinions:iqbalunnisa-hussain

   Paragraph anchors: p-f98271

   Answer must contain: “Purdah and Polygamy”

10. il-0010 In the Indian Liberals essay on the Swatantra Party's coalition strategy, which Swatantrite analysed the 1967 state election results and proposed that opposition parties divide states among themselves rather than compete? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: opinions:the-swatantra-way-for-forging-a-formidable-coalition

    Paragraph anchors: p-4551e2

    Answer must contain: “Sohrab Batlivala”

11. il-0011 In the Indian Liberals piece on Babytai Kamble's resolute feminism, what is the title of her groundbreaking autobiography that exposed the harsh realities faced by Dalit women? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:babytai-kambles-resolute-feminism

    Paragraph anchors: p-e6d431

    Answer must contain: “The Prisons We Broke”

12. il-0012 In 'The Tiger Caged – Part II', the Freedom First excerpt on India's protected import regime, how many 'canalising agencies' does the piece say the government used to hold a monopoly over certain imports? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-tiger-caged-part-ii

    Paragraph anchors: p-add2a6

    Answer must contain: “16”, “newsprint”

13. il-0013 According to A. D. Shroff's essay 'Free Enterprise in India and Freedom', what were the 1950-51 net output values, in crores, of 'Small Enterprises' and of 'Factory Establishments', per the National Income Committee's estimates? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:free-enterprise-in-indian-and-freedom

    Paragraph anchors: p-79e19d

    Answer must contain: “910”, “550”

14. il-0015 In 'India, the Tiger Caged', the Freedom First excerpt from The Economist's 1991 Survey of India, what sea does the piece say the Hindu injunction forbids Indians from crossing? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:india-the-tiger-caged

    Paragraph anchors: p-bb34bc

    Answer must contain: “black sea”

15. il-0016 According to Indian Liberals' profile of B. R. Shenoy, in which city was he jailed for his participation in the freedom struggle? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: thinkers:b-r-shenoy

    Paragraph anchors: p-72c209

    Answer must contain: “Nagpur”

16. il-0017 In Nani Palkhivala's 'Our Constitution Defaced and Defiled', which 1967 Supreme Court decision reversed the position the 1951 Sankari Prasad case had taken on Parliament's amending power? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:examination-of-objections-to-limitations-of-amending-power-1960

    Paragraph anchors: p-b7ffcf

    Answer must contain: “Golaknath”

17. il-0018 In the IL Explainer episode on Murarji Vaidya's essay on free enterprise and freedom, in what year was the essay originally written? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:il-explainer-ep-5-free-enterprise-and-freedom

    Paragraph anchors: p-f21be0

    Answer must contain: “1956”

18. il-0019 In the profile of Homi Mody's shift from pro-business to pro-market liberalism, what role did Mody accept on the Swatantra Party's organising committee after Masani wrote to him in 1959? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: opinions:homi-modys-liberalism-pro-business-to-pro-market

    Paragraph anchors: p-35f725

    Answer must contain: “treasurer”

19. il-0020 According to the musing 'Not a Rich People's Lobby', reproducing Rajaji's defence of the Swatantra Party, on what specific date was Rajaji's article originally published? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:not-a-rich-peoples-lobby

    Paragraph anchors: p-fc0bac

    Answer must contain: “July 6, 1968”

20. il-0021 In Jayaprakash Narayan's essay 'Panchayati Raj,' what name does he suggest for a non-party, purely educative body of voters that might be formed to serve the electorate? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:panchayati-raj

    Paragraph anchors: p-586927

    Answer must contain: “All-India Voters' Association”

21. il-0022 According to D. R. Pendse's talk on India's 'Open and Prosperous Past,' for how many years, by his account, has India been a closed and poor country compared to its long history before that? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:d-r-pendse-on-indias-open-and-prosperous-past

    Paragraph anchors: p-27f2d9

    Answer must contain: “two hundred years”

22. il-0023 In the recorded discussion 'Deepak Lal on Grameen Bank and Microfinance Institutions,' what traditional Indian rotating-savings system does a speaker cite as a precedent, illustrating it with an example of putting in 10 rupees each round? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:deepak-lal-on-grameen-bank-and-microfinance-institutions

    Paragraph anchors: p-2135b8

    Answer must contain: “chit funds”

23. il-0024 In Nani Palkhivala's essay 'The Shells of Socialism,' which minister announced on 5 June 1964 that nationalisation should be the last step in any effort to control banks? Tier A named · single 0

    Expected sources: musings:is-socialism-outdated

    Paragraph anchors: p-557bcc

    Answer must contain: “T. T. Krishnamachari”

24. il-0025 In the profile of Dr Janaki Ammal, which Kerala valley did she help defend by joining protests against a proposed hydropower dam across the river Kunthipuzha? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: opinions:dr-janaki-ammal

    Paragraph anchors: p-c55912

    Answer must contain: “Silent Valley”

25. il-0026 'The Role of Ideas in Politics' excerpts an article by M A Venkata Rao — in which magazine was it originally published, and in what month and year? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:ideas-in-politics

    Paragraph anchors: p-3fb2d3

    Answer must contain: “Indian Libertarian Magazine”, “November 1960”

26. il-0027 In the discussion of Tagore's Streer Potro, what is the name of the young widow whom Mrinal stands up for, who eventually takes her own life? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:il-explainer-ep-3-streer-potro-tagore

    Paragraph anchors: p-477e38

    Answer must contain: “Bindu”

27. il-0028 In Dr Sudhir Krishnaswamy's lecture on how liberal the Indian Constitution is, which Chief Justice does he credit with a brief 'spurt' in the Supreme Court's use of liberal principles just before retiring? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:how-liberal-is-the-constitution-of-india-by-dr-sudhir-krishnaswamy

    Paragraph anchors: p-994b61

    Answer must contain: “Mishra”

28. il-0029 In the profile of Ramabai Ranade, the girls' school she founded in Pune was originally called the Poona Native Girls High School — what is it known as today? Tier A named · single 0.5

    Expected sources: opinions:women-and-liberalism-life-of-ramabai-ranade

    Paragraph anchors: p-a4b3a0

    Answer must contain: “Huzurpaga”

29. il-0030 In Ashok Desai's essay on the 1991 reforms, which two economists does he credit with coining the term 'liberalisation episodes' for India's earlier bouts of relaxed controls? Tier A named · single 1

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:economic-controls-in-india-liberalisation-history

    Paragraph anchors: p-f4d564

    Answer must contain: “Bhagwati”, “Srinivasan”

30. il-0031 An essay comparing ancient Indian ideas of kingship with Plato's philosopher-kings also draws a grim comparison to religious persecution in Europe. How many heretics does it say were burned by the authority of the Inquisition Court? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-wisdom-of-the-rulers

    Paragraph anchors: p-0346ba

    Answer must contain: “30,000”

31. il-0032 An analysis of India's sales tax history says one province was the first to adopt a General Sales Tax, in 1938. Which province was it? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:jamshed-antia-views-on-sales-tax

    Paragraph anchors: p-3ae588

    Answer must contain: “Madras”

32. il-0033 Which American political scientist, quoted in an essay about the tension between intellectual life and the exercise of power, wrote that a president 'cannot still the voice of truth'? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:the-perils-of-state-support

    Paragraph anchors: p-0184ef

    Answer must contain: “Morgenthau”

33. il-0034 An essay proposing an alternative to party-based elections points to one European country as already running a version of the idea, crediting its cantons and culture of public service. Which country is named? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:towards-party-less-democracy

    Paragraph anchors: p-6e027e

    Answer must contain: “Switzerland”

34. il-0035 An opinion piece contends that progress requires a few individuals to rise to the top so others can emulate them, and dates this idea to a particular year. What year does it cite? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:communism-assumptions-gn-lawande

    Paragraph anchors: p-280546

    Answer must contain: “1958”

35. il-0036 In a recorded oral history, an economist recalls that his business patron never obstructed any article, speech, or comment he made, however consequential. Among the reforms he claims credit for proposing, alongside gold control and industrial licensing changes, which act does he say was 'canceled'? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:d-r-pendse-on-his-relationship-with-jrd-tata

    Paragraph anchors: p-e61529

    Answer must contain: “Monopoly act”

36. il-0039 An essay on inflation notes that an IMF chief endorsed India's official claim of having reversed inflation during a visit to the country, alongside the World Bank president. Name the IMF chief. Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:controlling-inflation-in-india-br-shenoy-1977

    Paragraph anchors: p-e08f11

    Answer must contain: “Witteveen”

37. il-0040 In an oral history about grassroots civic tools, a speaker describes assembling a nonpartisan panel of former judges and police officials that collected thousands of public submissions on corrupt candidates, ultimately naming a final list of contestants with criminal records. How many candidates appeared on that list? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:fashioning-tools-for-peoples-movement

    Paragraph anchors: p-85fc59, p-a337ef

    Answer must contain: “42”

38. il-0041 An account describes a well-known Indian tax lawyer's annual public lecture on the government's budget, held in Bombay from the 1950s onward, and how the venue changed as crowds grew far too large for each site. Which cricket stadium did the lecture eventually move to, and who first suggested the move, half in jest? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: primary-works:s-divakara-on-nani-palkhivalas-union-budget-commentaries

    Paragraph anchors: p-3e0341

    Answer must contain: “Brabourne Stadium”, “Vijay Merchant”

39. il-0042 A short 1962 commentary in the archive contends that, absent any judicial check on the fairness of a payout for property taken by the state, the outcome depends entirely on the mood of Parliament — swinging between two opposite extremes. What two terms does the piece use for these two extremes? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:jawaharlal-nehru-sc-compensation-a-ranganathan

    Paragraph anchors: p-a397b3

    Answer must contain: “just compensation”, “confiscation”

40. il-0043 An account of a 1993 arson attack on a hotel in Turkey, sparked by a mob incensed at the presence of a writer who had translated part of a controversial novel, describes intellectuals gathering there to honour a 16th-century poet. Name the poet being honoured, and the hotel where the attack took place. Tier A blind · single 0

    Expected sources: musings:art-versus-law-and-order

    Paragraph anchors: p-a50960, p-dcfe2f

    Answer must contain: “Pir Sultan Abdal”, “Mahak Hotel”

41. il-0044 A commentator in the archive quotes a former Chief Minister of Mysore who compared India's official socialist creed to a syncretic religion once imposed by a Mughal emperor on his court, saying it vanished like mist after the emperor's death. Name the religion and the Chief Minister who made the comparison. Tier A blind · single 0

    Expected sources: musings:the-principle-of-state-interference

    Paragraph anchors: p-a38992

    Answer must contain: “Din-i-ilahi”, “Hanumanthaiya”

42. il-0045 An essay revisits a historian's claim that a certain magazine 'opposed Gandhi's policies only indirectly, if at all' during the 1975-77 Emergency, then challenges this by cataloguing the magazine's actual anti-Emergency articles. Name the historian who made that original claim. Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: opinions:indian-liberals-quest-magazine-india-first-dictatorship

    Paragraph anchors: p-bedb70, p-5c232a

    Answer must contain: “Eric Pullin”

43. il-0046 A brief opinion piece in the archive argues that the methods of a certain welfare-state approach reduce the productivity of human effort and so harm the welfare of both incapacitated people and those without any physical limitation. In what year did the writer make this argument, and what single word does the piece use for the group of people who face no physical limitation? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:welfarism-poverty-indian-people-bs-sanyal

    Paragraph anchors: p-6e9460

    Answer must contain: “1957”, “able-bodied”

44. il-0047 An essay assessing whether representative democracy would endure in India after independence complains that one particular administrative report is very difficult to find in Bombay. Whose report is it, and which region's administration does it review? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:prospects-of-democracy-in-india

    Paragraph anchors: p-46592e

    Answer must contain: “Gorwala”, “Mysore”

45. il-0048 Literary historians later identified a certain essay on child marriage as the very first of many articles and monographs written over his lifetime by a particular nineteenth-century Bengali educationist and social reformer. Which historian made that identification, and in what year? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-evils-of-child-marriage-by-ishwar-chandra-vidyasagar

    Paragraph anchors: p-9036ed

    Answer must contain: “Gopal Halder”, “1972”

46. il-0049 A recorded discussion about the state's expanding role during the COVID-19 lockdown argues that most of the initial relief for India's daily-wage earners and small street entrepreneurs came not from government but from civil society, since officials don't know where such people live. How many million people does the speaker estimate belong to this daily-wage-earning group, and what alternative to a central database does the speaker propose for contact tracing, so that location data stays only on people's own devices? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:role-of-civil-society-in-the-pandemic

    Paragraph anchors: p-618985

    Answer must contain: “700 millions”, “cell phones”

47. il-0050 Which economist's attention was captured by an Indian monetary economist's formal dissent to his country's Second Five-Year Plan Frame, leading to that economist inducting him into a prominent international free-market society's 1959 Oxford meeting? Tier A blind · single 0

    Expected sources: opinions:b-r-shenoy-indias-first-neoliberal

    Paragraph anchors: p-0093dd, p-662694

    Answer must contain: “Peter Bauer”, “Mont Pelerin”

48. il-0051 An essay diagnosing caste as India's foremost obstacle to progress quotes a psychologist's remark that caste was 'one of the hard points of Hindu culture,' borrowing the line from a scholarly book on caste and race in India. Name the psychologist quoted, and the scholar whose book supplied the quotation. Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:caste-system-curse

    Paragraph anchors: p-e80ef9

    Answer must contain: “Fredrick Bartlett”, “Ghurye”

49. il-0052 In a piece recounting a war film's darkly comic moments, one soldier proposes a mock-sporting way to end all future wars: fence off a field, sell tickets, then have the kings, cabinets, and generals fight it out in their underpants with a specific weapon, best country wins. Which soldier proposes this idea? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1930

    Paragraph anchors: p-be7bb6

    Answer must contain: “Katczinsky”

50. il-0053 An essay on privacy in the digital age quotes a U.S. senator's warning to Mark Zuckerberg at a congressional hearing: "If you and other social media companies do not get your act in order, none of us are going to have any privacy anymore." Which senator, and from which state, delivered this warning? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: opinions:encoding-privacy-in-a-digital-world

    Paragraph anchors: p-a42c99

    Answer must contain: “Bill Nelson”, “Florida”

51. il-0055 Two speeches analysing India's worsening economic condition were delivered at a meeting of Pune's trading community on 8 December 1872, later collected into a booklet on trade. At what venue in Pune was this meeting held? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: opinions:m-g-ranade-on-wealth-creation

    Paragraph anchors: p-c7a0ff

    Answer must contain: “Phadtare Wada”

52. il-0056 An archived essay skeptical of vegetarianism's health claims mentions a field of study that Russian scientists reportedly developed to treat decayed gums and other diseases of the mouth and stomach. What was this field of study called? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:hitlerite-vegetarianism-india-food-science-sentiment

    Paragraph anchors: p-f5ee37

    Answer must contain: “Onionology”

53. il-0057 In an archived essay on an 1892 Telugu play about a forced remarriage and a dowry-style bride-price, its manipulative would-be social reformer is compared to a lovable rogue from a Charles Dickens novel. Name that Dickens character. Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:gurajada-apparao-liberal-and-feminist-insights-in-kanyasulkam

    Paragraph anchors: p-822176

    Answer must contain: “Jingle”

54. il-0058 An archived profile of a 19th-century Indian trailblazer describes how a letter published in an American missionary review caught the eye of a Philadelphia missionary, who was then persuaded to fully support her ambition to study medicine abroad. Name this missionary. Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: opinions:anandibai-joshee

    Paragraph anchors: p-1c5429

    Answer must contain: “Carpenter”

55. il-0059 In a recorded conversation about India's industrial licensing system, the speakers recall being publicly accused by a political party of secretly working for a foreign intelligence agency. Which party made the accusation, and which agency did they name? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:jagdish-bhagwati-discussing-his-book-india-planning-for-industrialization

    Paragraph anchors: p-e6e3f1

    Answer must contain: “Communist Party of India”, “CIA”

56. il-0060 An essay examining shifts inside socialist economies quotes a British thinker's observation that socialism was like a hat which had lost its shape because too many people had worn it. Who made this observation? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:ad-shroff-socialism-free-enterprise-lessons

    Paragraph anchors: p-9e6b1e

    Answer must contain: “C. E. M. Joad”

57. il-0061 A political party was founded by Rajaji, Minoo Masani, N. G. Ranga, and K. M. Munshi in opposition to Nehruvian central planning, and became the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha after the 1967 general election. How many seats did it hold in the fourth Lok Sabha, and which party did it merge into when it dissolved in 1974? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: organisations:swatantra-party

    Paragraph anchors: p-35a90c

    Answer must contain: “44 seats”, “Bharatiya Lok Dal”

58. il-0062 In an account of tribal communities and rural development, a speaker describes how villagers, once they began receiving a specific kind of land document, first invested in land-levelling and irrigation before planting orchards. What abbreviation does the speaker use for that land document, and over how many years did he say the landscape of the villages visibly changed? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:tribals-and-development-countering-the-myths

    Paragraph anchors: p-c68a6d

    Answer must contain: “FRA titles”, “three years”

59. il-0063 An essay opposing 1958 land-ceiling proposals in South Indian states says that Kerala's bill would seize wetland holdings above a set acreage, while Mysore and Andhra capped permissible landholding by the annual income it produced instead. What was Kerala's acreage ceiling, and what annual income figure (in rupees) did the Mysore and Andhra proposals use to define a permissible holding? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:ceilings-on-landholdings-m-a-venkata-rao-1958

    Paragraph anchors: p-ed6ee5

    Answer must contain: “15 acres”, “5,400”

60. il-0064 A passage likens the age-old conflict between labour and capital first to a line from a U.S. Supreme Court Justice, and then to a 'correct response' offered decades later by a senior Catholic religious leader. In what year did the Justice make his remark, and what structure -- explicitly said to be 'not' a weapon -- does the religious leader's response liken professional organisations and unions to? Tier A blind · single 0

    Expected sources: musings:dangerous-counter-philosophy-piloo-mody

    Paragraph anchors: p-87cf9e

    Answer must contain: “1896”, “bridge which unites”

61. il-0065 A New Year message from a liberty-focused institute headquartered in Bombay says it was 'keeping aloft the torch of Libertarianism' through branches in several other Indian cities. What is the institute's full name, and which city is listed first among its branches? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:libertarian-happy-new-year

    Paragraph anchors: p-5ca438

    Answer must contain: “Libertarian Social Institute”, “Bangalore”

62. il-0066 A retrospective on liberal politics in India recounts a 1994 attempt to launch a new liberal party that won over a million votes in a state legislative election but ended up with only a couple of seats. What was the name of this party, and which state's assembly election was it contesting? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:sharad-joshi-on-liberalism-in-india

    Paragraph anchors: p-6dfefd

    Answer must contain: “Swatantra Bharat”, “Maharashtra”

63. il-0067 In a conversation about a dynastic political family in India, one leader's sister -- after presiding over a global assembly in New York -- held two further diplomatic postings before her final one in Washington. What were those two postings, in order (city only)? Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:on-nehrus-cult-like-personality-in-conversation-with-zareer-masani

    Paragraph anchors: p-7bfc1b

    Answer must contain: “London”, “Moscow”

64. il-0068 An essay critical of India's post-independence economic planning cites a specialist in the economics of underdeveloped countries who, after studying the government's development plans, concluded it seemed more interested in one particular ideology than in economic development itself. What is the specialist's surname, and at which university was he based? Tier A blind · single 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:russian-socialism-nehru-imagination

    Paragraph anchors: p-c56251

    Answer must contain: “Bauer”, “University of London”

65. il-0069 A veteran independence-era statesman and Tamil-literature scholar was invited by a Mumbai-based cultural institution in the late 1950s to deliver a lecture series on culture, later published by the institution as a book that went through several editions. Name the institution, and name one artistic domain he said his lectures would have nothing to say about. Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: opinions:rajagopalacharis-thoughts-on-culture

    Paragraph anchors: p-248e77, p-fbc174

    Answer must contain: “Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan”, “silver screen”

66. il-0070 A speech delivered at an organisation's Silver Jubilee celebration on January 12, 1982, praised its 'very great' founder and the leaders who upheld his standards since. Name the founder, and name the person leading the organisation at the time of the speech. Tier A blind · single 1

    Expected sources: musings:free-market-economy

    Paragraph anchors: p-0fc798, p-33f6d7

    Answer must contain: “A. D. Shroff”, “N. A. Palkhivala”

67. il-0071 Which Carnatic composer did a writer on free expression trace to the tradition of the Purvacharyas? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:freedom-of-self-expression

    Paragraph anchors: p-09bb7b

    Answer must contain: “Tyagaraja”

68. il-0072 In which town did a Telugu-language writer who spoke out against child marriage and for divorce reform found a named organisation for women's welfare, and what was that organisation called? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:kanuparti-varalakshmamma-feminist-writer-social-activistwoman-doctor

    Paragraph anchors: p-15ceed

    Answer must contain: “Bapatla”, “Stri Hitaishini Mandali”

69. il-0073 Which novelist is quoted on 'the freedom to offend' at the close of a passage recounting the Galileo affair, and what is the title of the 1610 publication of telescope observations that the passage cites as the offending idea? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:for-absolute-freedom-of-expression

    Paragraph anchors: p-5896ad

    Answer must contain: “Rushdie”, “Sidereus Nuncius”

70. il-0074 What untranslated term denoted villages officially listed as uninhabited that mysteriously produced ration claims once economic controls took hold, and what fictitious relative commonly appeared as an extra mouth to feed on such-era ration cards? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:controls-and-freedom

    Paragraph anchors: p-aad849

    Answer must contain: “Becharak”, “grand-aunt”

71. il-0075 Research into which region's insects, once mocked as a joke topic, led to a breakthrough in pest control and crop care, and what mathematical field once dismissed as 'useless intellectual gymnastics' went on to found computer science? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:application-of-science-and-technology

    Paragraph anchors: p-a2cbdc

    Answer must contain: “Papuan”, “Boolean algebra”

72. il-0076 Which two-wheeler maker was cited, with a figure of 1.7 million motorcycles, as the largest producer of its kind, and which company was named Best GM supplier, in an illustration of newfound industrial confidence? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:economic-reforms-in-india

    Paragraph anchors: p-99838b

    Answer must contain: “Hero Honda”, “Sundaram Clayton”

73. il-0077 Which two European figures are invoked in an essay on economic gradualism, one for insisting that capitalism must be 'oiled' with safety-nets of social security, the other for insisting the market mechanism must be made 'socially oriented'? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:is-there-a-middle-way-dr-fredie-a-mehta

    Paragraph anchors: p-120c18

    Answer must contain: “Otto von Bismark”, “Ludwig von Erhard”

74. il-0078 Which clergyman administered baptism to a Marathi autobiographer who had refused it from English missionaries or upper-caste Christians, and what were the names of the three beggar children she later adopted? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:two-strands-of-liberal-expression-dr-anandibai-joshi-and-lakshmibai-tilak

    Paragraph anchors: p-10f090

    Answer must contain: “Vaniramji Bapuji Ohol”, “Houshi”, “Bhiku”

75. il-0079 Which historian is credited with the claim that Victorian paternalism blamed liberal reformism for the revolt of 1857, and which mystic guru was increasingly drawing the Bengali bhadralok away from a disillusioned social reformer's cause at that time? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:the-liberalism-of-ishwar-chandra-vidyasagar

    Paragraph anchors: p-ab5fb4

    Answer must contain: “Shekhar Bandhopadhyay”, “Ramakrishna”

76. il-0081 A woman remembered as a courtesan of Lurkee Mahil took up the role of a warrior and strategist during the Revolt of 1857, helping a rebel cavalry unit operating out of Kanpur. In which city was she born, and by what other name was she also known? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:zealous-azizun-nisa

    Paragraph anchors: p-0df691

    Answer must contain: “Lucknow”, “Azizun Bai”

77. il-0082 A writer arguing that no part of humanity could be written off — militarily, ideologically, or morally — invoked both Abraham Lincoln's warning that no nation could remain half slave and half free, and the words of an English poet on human interconnectedness, in a shrinking world. Name the poet. Tier A blind · needle 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:the-universality-of-human-values-m-r-masani

    Paragraph anchors: p-ba7528

    Answer must contain: “John Donne”

78. il-0083 A lecturer, thanking a mentor whose guidance had nurtured 'this Centre' into what it had become, proposed an alternative title for his talk on the worldwide retreat of socialism — a Persian-language phrase likening the departure of heresy from the Kaaba to what would remain of the faith. What was that alternative title, in full? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-retreat-from-socialism-2

    Paragraph anchors: p-b286fa

    Answer must contain: “Khezad”, “musalmani”

79. il-0084 In 1851, an Indian reformer and his colleagues founded both a Zoroastrian reform society and a Gujarati-language newspaper that campaigned against child marriage and the practice of nautches. Name the newspaper and the society. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:dadabhai-naoroji-social-reforms-transnational-connections-statistical-liberalism

    Paragraph anchors: p-8d7db3

    Answer must contain: “Rast Goftar”, “Rahnumae Mazdayasnan Sabha”

80. il-0085 In discussing India's economic decline under colonial rule, a social reformer credited two Indian judges, alongside Dadabhai Naoroji, with devising ways to stimulate the country's industries and commerce without violating the laws of economics. Name the two judges. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:gg-agarkar-revisiting-a-misunderstood-legacy

    Paragraph anchors: p-3cfa8a

    Answer must contain: “Justice Telang”, “Justice Ranade”

81. il-0086 A Marathi social reformer's book contrasting communalism in India with the medieval history of Europe traces the Arab invasion of Europe through Gibraltar in 711 CE, noting that Arab forces reached a city in France within 21 years, before a Christian pushback was completed with the fall of a certain city in 1492. Name the book, and the city whose fall in 1492 completed that reconquest. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:hamid-dalwai-and-the-muslim-satyashodhak-mandal

    Paragraph anchors: p-65159e

    Answer must contain: “Rashtriya Ekatmata ani Bharatiya Musalman”, “Granada”

82. il-0087 An article on India's planning debates blames two clusters of Western economists for keeping Indian universities wedded to outmoded dirigiste doctrines — one cluster of 'pronounced left-wingers.' Name two of the four economists in that left-wing cluster. Tier A blind · needle 0.5

    Expected sources: theprint-mirror:planning-free-market-state-control-india-poverty-br-shenoy

    Paragraph anchors: p-52a510

    Answer must contain: “Baloghs”, “Bettelheims”

83. il-0088 A social reformer from a Brahmin family nonetheless criticised the upper-class attitudes of Brahmins in his writings, and produced several plays skewering Brahmin priests, including one in 1886 dramatizing a devotee king's story, and another in 1889. Name these two plays. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:kandukuri-veeresalingam-icon-of-andhras-renaissance

    Paragraph anchors: p-e639bf

    Answer must contain: “Satya Harischandra”, “Tiryag- Vidvan Mahasabha”

84. il-0089 India's long tradition of dissent, reaching back to disputes between the brahman and shraman (nastik) traditions, is said to find an echo in the works of a certain ancient writer, in the Ashokan inscriptions, and in the writings of a medieval scholar who described a counter religion of the Shramanas. Name these two writers. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:diversity-democracy-and-dissent

    Paragraph anchors: p-ac3b38

    Answer must contain: “Megasthenes”, “Al Beruni”

85. il-0090 During an incident at Checkpoint Charlie, a man lay mortally wounded for about half an hour, moaning for help, before he died, while American troops held back from giving him medical aid for fear of the consequences — an episode said to have exposed the weakness of the Western position in Berlin. Name the man who died at Checkpoint Charlie. Tier A blind · needle 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:trample-the-wall

    Paragraph anchors: p-6216cc

    Answer must contain: “Fechter”

86. il-0091 In a discussion of religious identity before British colonial census-taking, one speaker describes a transactional, patchily integrated pre-colonial world using a paired set of adjectives. What are the two adjectives used together to describe this world? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: primary-works:sagarika-ghose-battle-of-ideologies

    Paragraph anchors: p-75168f

    Answer must contain: “Islamisate”, “Indic”

87. il-0092 One interview describes an author who was voted onto a global ideas platform's list of '33 Entrepreneurs Who Make The World A Better Place,' and whose second-named book won an award in 2018. Name the platform and the award. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:indian-liberals-interviews-hindol-sengupta

    Paragraph anchors: p-62721b

    Answer must contain: “IdeaMensch”, “Wilbur Award”

88. il-0093 One essay compares several 20th-century national ideologies to their dreams — the Nazi's superman, Mussolini's revived empire, the communists' New Mass Man — before turning to a freedom leader whose vision was a republic of autonomous villages living an 'Arcadian life' close to nature. Name that leader and the book in which he set out this vision. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:to-prosperity-through-freedom-v-r-1960

    Paragraph anchors: p-aff294

    Answer must contain: “Gandhi”, “Hind Swaraj”

89. il-0094 A biting critique of society women's meetings says they arrive in fancy shawls and embroidered turbans, get through 'a whole ton of supari nuts' and 'cartloads of betel leaves' — and then use up a tank full of what, before going home having accomplished nothing? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:the-unwavering-feminism-of-tarabai-shinde

    Paragraph anchors: p-301f24

    Answer must contain: “rosewater”

90. il-0095 An essay on traditional Indian values for regulating economic and desire-satisfying activities coins two adjectives — one for wealth-and-income-acquiring activities, one for want-satisfying activities. What are they called? Tier A blind · needle 0.5

    Expected sources: musings:my-idea-of-a-welfare-state

    Paragraph anchors: p-d0429f

    Answer must contain: “Arthic”, “Kamic”

91. il-0096 A reflection on India's 1977 election victory refers to the winning coalition not simply as the Janata Party but by a compound name including another party's initials. What was that compound name? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-task-before-a-free-people

    Paragraph anchors: p-4861b8

    Answer must contain: “Janata-CFD”

92. il-0097 A piece on the 1962 border war states that the Dalai Lama and his followers were driven out of Tibet by Chinese forces in a specific year — earlier than the year usually cited. What year does the piece give, and what dismissive epithet does it use for the Chinese forces occupying Tibet? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-us-india-alignment-in-cold-war

    Paragraph anchors: p-c4c4af

    Answer must contain: “1960”, “Red bandits”

93. il-0098 A social worker born in Cuttack on 3 December 1899, daughter of Basanta Kumari Devi and Gopal Ballav Das, was the niece of a lawyer and social reformer honoured with the title 'Utkal Gaurab' for his role in unifying Odisha. Name that reformer. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:a-resilient-soul-ramadevi-chowdhuri

    Paragraph anchors: p-526ffa

    Answer must contain: “Madhusudhan Das”

94. il-0099 An essay on property rights over river water gives an example of a ghost town on the banks of the Yamuna, 40 km from Dehra Doon, whose irrigation department owns the town but is broke. Name the town. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:a-rule-of-law-society

    Paragraph anchors: p-52f8ac

    Answer must contain: “Dakpathar”

95. il-0100 A woman born on 2 February 1889 into the royal family of Kapurthala was introduced to nationalist politics through Gopal Krishna Gokhale's influence on her father. Name her father, as given in the profile. Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:rajkumari-amrit-kaur-philanthropy-and-politics

    Paragraph anchors: p-3631dd

    Answer must contain: “Harnam Singh Ahluwalia”

96. il-0101 A raja and his wife founded a Mahila Mandal in a small Maharashtra town to advance Dalit women's right to education and employment. In which town was it based, and what was the royal family's surname? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:babytai-kamble-resolute-feminism

    Paragraph anchors: p-8564ff

    Answer must contain: “Phaltan”, “Nimbalkar”

97. il-0102 One assessment of India's push toward AI-enabled digital transformation gives a five-year growth figure for the country's AI sector, plus how much private investment in it rose between 2016 and 2017. What was the five-year growth figure, and what were the 2016 and 2017 investment amounts? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-for-india

    Paragraph anchors: p-713046

    Answer must contain: “$150 million”, “$44 million”, “$73 million”

98. il-0103 A woman married at age nine in 1877 had been born a few years earlier under a different name. Her husband, a social reformer, was later imprisoned for seven months for defaming a British-appointed regent. What was her birth name, and in what year was he imprisoned? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: musings:the-forgotten-legacy-of-yashodabai-agarkar

    Paragraph anchors: p-3a83e9

    Answer must contain: “Ambu Phadke”, “1883”

99. il-0104 Arguing against a wholesale return to bygone Hindu social practices, a writer named a specific old custom that let a widow bear sons with her deceased husband's brother, and separately cited a ritual involving suspension from hooks as evidence of how brutal past practices had been. What was the custom called, and what was the hook ritual called? Tier A blind · needle 1

    Expected sources: opinions:m-g-ranade-on-revival-and-reform

    Paragraph anchors: p-9cad0d

    Answer must contain: “Niyoga”, “hook-swinging”

100. il-0105 An essay on rationalism quotes a historian of Greek thought crediting a particular ancient Greek system with turning the world's formation from a supernatural event into a natural one. Who was the historian quoted, and what was that system called? Tier A blind · needle 1

     Expected sources: musings:humanism-science-and-rationalism

     Paragraph anchors: p-025000

     Answer must contain: “Cornford”, “Milesian”

101. il-0106 One full-text version of a 1990 memorial lecture reflecting on more than four decades of Indian self-governance mentions a Delhi memorial where a list of Mahatma Gandhi's 'Seven Deadly Sins' is inscribed — what memorial is that? A shorter, mirrored version of the same lecture closes by naming the organisation that published it as a monograph the following year. Which organisation was that? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:forty-three-years-of-independence, theprint-mirror:like-a-gambler-govts-squandered-indias-legacy-through-mindless-socialism-nani-palkhivala

     Paragraph anchors: p-370354, p-f4070b

     Answer must contain: “Gandhi Samadhi”, “Forum of Free Enterprise”

102. il-0107 One first-hand account of forest-rights work names the piece of legislation whose stated philosophy is to give local communities ownership over both minor and major forest produce — what is that law called? A separate account, tracing how tribal communities lost control of forest land under colonial rule, names the year from which the legal assertion of state ownership over such land is said to date. What year is that? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:forest-departments-incentives-and-the-environment, primary-works:indias-forest-dwellers-from-owners-to-encroachers

     Paragraph anchors: p-47b592, p-44a2b5

     Answer must contain: “Forest Rights Act”, “1927”

103. il-0108 One profile of a well-known twentieth-century Indian jurist names an institute he founded to advance the democratic ideals associated with Jayaprakash Narayan — what is that institute called? A tribute to the same jurist, written by a close associate, names the publishing house that in 1994 issued a compilation of his essays ranging from a profile of an early nationalist economist to commentary on a state governor's dismissal. Which publishing house was that? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: thinkers:nani-palkhivala, musings:nani-palkhivala-publications-to-serve-public-education

     Paragraph anchors: p-60e520, p-bf52e3

     Answer must contain: “Jayaprakash Institute”, “UBS Publishers”

104. il-0109 One version of a 1956 address to a graduates' association gives the exact number of shareholders in a major Indian steel company, cited to rebut the claim that private industry concentrates economic power — how many shareholders? A mirrored, abridged version of the same address closes with an editorial note giving the exact date in 1956 on which the underlying monograph was first published. What date is that? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:has-private-enterprise-failed-a-d-shroff, theprint-mirror:private-enterprise-didnt-fail-in-india-jn-tatas-steel-dream-soared-despite-british-ridicule

     Paragraph anchors: p-ff7c45, p-191748

     Answer must contain: “42,000”, “23 October 1956”

105. il-0111 One short 1974 excerpt asks what a worker needs, besides ample wages, in order to buy property — what two-word method of accumulation does it name? A separate 1963 essay opposing a proposed nationalisation of an entire industry closes by naming the periodical whose economic supplement first carried it. Name that periodical. Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: theprint-mirror:india-socialism-common-man-capitalist, theprint-mirror:bank-nationalisation-indias-mixed-economy-totalitarianism-phiroze-shroff

     Paragraph anchors: p-20ca54, p-a4ef46

     Answer must contain: “judicious saving”, “Indian Libertarian”

106. il-0112 One work explaining how economic freedom builds prosperity credits an illustrator by name in its opening description — who illustrated it? A separate, much shorter piece lists several kinds of economically independent people — a professional, a businessman, an agricultural category, an artisan, and a self-employed man — who can 'stand on their own legs' and afford to disagree with government. Which agricultural category appears in that list? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:your-prosperity-through-freedom, theprint-mirror:free-enterprise-in-economic-life-minoo-masani

     Paragraph anchors: p-1123bb, p-a95f5f

     Answer must contain: “Eric Francis”, “landed peasant”

107. il-0113 Using the Aggregate Measurement of Support as its yardstick, one Rajya Sabha speech on farmer suicides puts the cumulative loss to Indian farmers between 1980 and 2000 at a specific sum in crores of rupees — what sum? A separate piece on the same price-support measure gives its negative value for fourteen major crops in a single year, 1996-97 — what sum is that? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: musings:sharad-joshi-tragedy-of-being-a-farmer-in-india, musings:unchanged-quarter-century-for-farmers-sharad-joshi

     Paragraph anchors: p-927f81, p-08e564

     Answer must contain: “300,000 crore”, “113,000 crore”

108. il-0114 One profile of a libertarian Indian columnist notes that he received a named international prize from a former British Prime Minister at a London ceremony — what is that prize called? A separate excerpt from one of his own political-economy handbooks cites a corporate-sponsored survey, naming the two firms behind it, that ranked Indian cities the worst in the world. Name those two firms. Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: thinkers:sauvik-chakraverti, musings:population-causes-prosperity

     Paragraph anchors: p-196e77, p-7676cc

     Answer must contain: “Bastiat Prize”, “Arthur Andersen-Fortune”

109. il-0115 One critique of an earlier Five Year Plan's record notes that food production reached only a specific total in million tonnes, well short of its target — what was that total? A separate critique, of a following year's Union Budget, gives the government's provision for defence expenditure that year in crores of rupees — what was that figure? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: musings:the-missed-opportunity, musings:the-budget-versus-the-people-2

     Paragraph anchors: p-5a2dfe, p-c7728c

     Answer must contain: “74 million tonnes”, “879 crores”

110. il-0116 Two early Indian liberal politicians each built reputations through institutional work before turning to wider politics. One earned the title 'Father of the Municipal Government' in a major Indian city and became its municipal commissioner in a particular year; the other, a schoolteacher-turned-editor who joined public life after reading a confidential pamphlet, later argued at a 1921 conference for the citizenship rights of Indians living in British dominions. In what year did the first become municipal commissioner, and what was the name of the 1921 conference? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: opinions:the-moderate-liberalism-of-ferocious-mehta, opinions:v-s-srinivasa-sastri

     Paragraph anchors: p-bd530f, p-0fd3a2

     Answer must contain: “1873”, “Imperial Conference”

111. il-0117 An 18th-century satirical essay on commerce imagines a merchant who 'dispatches Orders from his Compting-House' to two named trading ports, while a 20th-century liberal essay on liberalism compares everyday consumer choice to casting a vote and gives two example brand names for soap. Name one of the two ports mentioned in the first passage, and one of the two soap brands mentioned in the second. Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:voltaire-on-trade, musings:minoo-masani-liberalism

     Paragraph anchors: p-26a985, p-f6ab50

     Answer must contain: “Grand Cairo”, “Hamam”

112. il-0118 Two Indian liberal essays on freedom each lean on a well-known outside authority. One defines freedom functionally by quoting the title of a Polish-British anthropologist's book; the other traces the negative-versus-positive-rights distinction to a famous work whose author is often invoked by market liberals worldwide. Name the anthropologist's book, and name the title of the other essay's central reference work. Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: musings:philosophy-of-freedom, musings:freedom-and-economic-freedom-bibek-debroy-2008

     Paragraph anchors: p-56adc0, p-c48758

     Answer must contain: “Freedom and Civilisation”, “Road to Serfdom”

113. il-0119 One address delivered to commemorate a liberal social reformer's 101st birthday diagnosed the disappearance of an early liberal party from Indian politics as fatal to popular government. A different piece describes a rival liberal-leaning party founded soon after, whose formation was triggered by fears sparked at a Congress session held in a particular city. In what year was the commemorative address delivered, and in which city was the Congress session that triggered the new party's founding held? Tier A blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: opinions:b-r-ambedkar-social-reform-failure-of-indian-liberalism, opinions:swatantra-party-a-big-tent-challenge-to-congress-hegemony

     Paragraph anchors: p-2db4d4, p-e05ceb

     Answer must contain: “1943”, “Nagpur”

114. il-0121 One essay proposing remedies for black money suggests the Government let holders surrender it for a specific percentage of its value in white money, up to a fixed 1974 deadline. Another essay analyzing employment under India's Five-Year Plans states the expected addition to the labour force during the Third Plan period (1961-66). What percentage does the first essay propose for that early surrender window, and what was the expected addition to the labour force cited by the second essay for that period? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: theprint-mirror:demonetisation-black-money-bp-adarkar, theprint-mirror:planning-unemployment-india-five-year-plans

     Paragraph anchors: p-3a50aa, p-7a9ab9

     Answer must contain: “90%”, “17 million”

115. il-0122 A 1958 speech delivered at a business forum's convention on state trading argues that any new state economic activity must meet a specific public-interest test. A separate 1959 essay on state monopolies traces the constitutional amendment permitting the state to exclude citizens from a trade to an earlier judgment that struck down a state government's cancellation of certain transport licences as contrary to a specific law. Name that law, and give the exact date on which the convention (where the public-interest-test speech was delivered) took place. Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:limits-and-limitations-of-state-trading, musings:state-monopolies-and-the-citizen-in-a-democracy

     Paragraph anchors: p-6be4b3, p-9ed42b

     Answer must contain: “Motor Vehicles Act”, “April 28, 1958”

116. il-0123 One 1959 booklet on industrial policy identifies a specific nationalisation event as the 'first breach' in India's stated industrial policy. A separate essay by the same author uses a named industrialist as a hypothetical example of an entrepreneur who could still be blocked from running his company by decision-makers in the capital. On what date in the early 1950s did that 'first breach' nationalisation occur, and what is the name of the hypothetical industrialist used as the example? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:pitfalls-in-our-industrial-policy, theprint-mirror:private-enterprise-built-indias-industries-now-its-strangled-by-gods-in-delhi

     Paragraph anchors: p-8f8998, p-71fa53

     Answer must contain: “August 1953”, “A. D. Shroff”

117. il-0124 One 1959 prize-winning essay on Indian democracy cites a specific low percentage return earned on the Centre's state-enterprise investment for a particular year. A separate 1959 essay on the constitution and the individual quotes a public figure who contrasted a land-ceiling law with a historic category of landed estates seized earlier. What percentage return does the first essay cite, and what category of estates does the quoted figure name for contrast? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:democracy-in-india-by-jm-lobo-prabhu, musings:the-individual-and-indian-constitution

     Paragraph anchors: p-6b1da2, p-9b92ee

     Answer must contain: “1 per cent”, “Zamindaris”

118. il-0125 Two archived pieces about poverty and economic policy in India draw on the same 1980 essay but preserve different amounts of it. One, cut short partway through, cites specific 1968 and 1978 poverty-rate percentages and a total headcount below the poverty line. The fuller version continues further and quotes a British poet-essayist on the connection between controlling the production of wealth and controlling human life itself. What total headcount does the shorter version cite for people below the poverty line, and who is the poet-essayist quoted near the end of the fuller version? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:a-blueprint-for-eradication-of-poverty-bp-godrej-1980, theprint-mirror:was-indias-public-sector-born-out-of-european-envy

     Paragraph anchors: p-870ca5, p-b23acb

     Answer must contain: “356 million”, “Hilaire Belloc”

119. il-0127 One essay contended that India's constitutional idea of a secular state sits closer to a particular foreign country's model than to the European one. Another essay, drawing on a 1993 magazine piece, distinguished several different senses in which a society or state could be called secular, including one built on equal respect for every religion. Which foreign country's concept did the first essay say India's conception was nearer to, and what hyphenated term did the second essay use for that equal-respect value? Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:secular-state-rajaji, musings:the-three-meanings-of-secularism

     Paragraph anchors: p-684773, p-144fde

     Answer must contain: “American concept”, “sarva-dharma-samabhava”

120. il-0128 One article accused a government minister's convocation speech of implicitly threatening the nationalisation of commercial banks and argued that pragmatism, not ideology alone, should guide banking policy. A separate, decades-earlier article on economic planning argued that ownership matters less than control, approvingly quoting a British socialist writer who said not everything need be socialized at once. Name the minister criticized in the first piece and the British socialist writer quoted in the second. Tier A blind · multi 0

     Expected sources: musings:nani-palkhivala-on-socialism, musings:planning-by-minoo-masani-1945

     Paragraph anchors: p-420a9f, p-1f1f68, p-622cee

     Answer must contain: “Asoka Mehta”, “G.D.H. Cole”

121. il-0129 Two political figures both worked closely with the founder of the Swatantra party: one was invited by him to serve as the party's president for a decade, while the other, before entering politics, founded an English-language daily newspaper in 1921 and later became the first chief minister of a newly formed state. Name the university that today bears the name of the first figure, and name the state whose first chief minister was the second. Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:acharya-n-g-ranga-the-farmers-friend-and-swatantra-party-stalwart, musings:tanguturi-prakasam-panthulu-a-visionary-leader-and-pioneer-of-press-freedom

     Paragraph anchors: p-7c8626, p-6d6eb8, p-bc597c, p-142e7b

     Answer must contain: “Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University”, “Andhra State”

122. il-0130 One recollection of Hindi cinema noted that heroes before a certain era were drawn from a specific set of professions and were never businessmen, listing several examples of these professions. A separate commentary on India's economic reforms named the governing economic philosophy that provided the ideological justification for restricting business freedom after independence. Name one of the non-business professions listed in the first account, and name the economic philosophy described in the second. Tier A blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:bollywood-and-cultural-change-in-attitude, primary-works:role-of-ideology-in-indias-liberalisation

     Paragraph anchors: p-72693d, p-25ee1a

     Answer must contain: “Joshis”, “Nehruvian consensus”

123. il-0131 In Freedom First's issue No. 58 (March 1957), how many years had Peter Fryer served as a British Communist Party member and Daily Worker correspondent before he witnessed the Hungarian revolution, as described in B. K. Desai's review of Hungarian Tragedy? Tier B named · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff058

     Answer must contain: “fourteen”

124. il-0132 In the December 6, 1992 'Agitation Special Issue No. 2' of Shetkari Sanghatak, what English-language slogan appears among the Marathi and Hindi rallying cries collected on the slogan page? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:shetkari-sanghatak-dec-6-1992

     Answer must contain: “Government Hands off Economy”

125. il-0133 In N. A. Palkhivala's 1961 Forum of Free Enterprise booklet on the Income-tax Bill, which provision does he identify as the most dangerous innovation, for making directors, shareholders and even their heirs personally liable for a private company's unpaid tax? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:income-tax-penalises-honest-taxpayers-n-a-palkhivala-august-7-1961

     Answer must contain: “Clause 179”

126. il-0134 In Jiban K. Mukhopadhyay's 1988 Forum of Free Enterprise pamphlet on the privatisation phenomenon, who does he credit as the 'father of nationalisation' behind the post-war British model? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-privatisation-phenomenon-jiban-k-mukhopadhyay-july-1988

     Answer must contain: “Herbert Morrison”

127. il-0135 In Freedom First No. 204 (May 1969), Milovan Djilas's essay 'Russia In 1984' cites two years as evidence that world Communism had already fractured into national movements — Yugoslavia's break and China's schism. What are those two years? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff204

     Answer must contain: “1948”, “1963”

128. il-0136 In Freedom First No. 279 (February 1976), M. R. Masani's reproduced letter to Indira Gandhi traces her Lok Sabha misquotation of him to a distorted rendering published in New Age. On what date was that New Age article published? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff279

     Answer must contain: “14 April 1974”

129. il-0137 In S. A. Sapre's 1982 Forum of Free Enterprise pamphlet on productivity in Japan, how many worker suggestions did Nissan's quality control circles generate in 1980? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:productivity-in-japan-lessons-for-india-s-a-sapre-october-16-1982

     Answer must contain: “1.12 million”

130. il-0138 In 'The Economic & Social History of Continental Europe & Britain, c. 1000-1914: An Introductory, Annotated Reading-List for Economists,' what term does the anonymous compiler use for the period from 1815 to 1914 that readers are urged to appreciate? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-economic-and-social-history-of-continental-europe-and-britain-c-1000-1914-an-introductory-annota

     Answer must contain: “Golden Century”

131. il-0139 In Freedom First's October 2009 issue (No. 508), which two earlier banned books does Keshav Rau's essay compare to the Gujarat ban of Jaswant Singh's Jinnah book? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff508

     Answer must contain: “Lady Chatterley's Lover”, “The Satanic Verses”

132. il-0140 Who edited The Indian Libertarian for the Libertarian Social Institute, Bombay, in its October 15, 1959 issue (Vol. VII No. 18)? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-oct15-1959

     Answer must contain: “Kusum Lotwala”

133. il-0141 In The Indian Libertarian's 1 December 1959 issue, the contributor writing under the pseudonym 'Democrat' blames the country's drift toward bankruptcy partly on a Third Plan target designed by which economist, and what was that Rupee-crore figure? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-dec1-1959

     Answer must contain: “Mahalanobis”, “10,000”

134. il-0142 In M. R. Masani's editorial 'The Lady and the Elephant' in Freedom First No. 293 (April 1977), what June 1975 court verdict does he cite as the origin of the crisis, and what phrase does he use to describe Indira Gandhi's subsequent refusal to resign? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff293

     Answer must contain: “Allahabad High Court”, “constitutional coup”

135. il-0143 In the 6 December 1994 issue of Shetkari Sanghatak, where exactly (village and district) did police open fire on protesting farmers, as reported in that issue? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:shetkari-sanghatak-dec-6-1994

     Answer must contain: “Hiwari”, “Yavatmal”

136. il-0144 In Prof. L. G. Bapat's 1975 Forum of Free Enterprise pamphlet on LIC policyholders, what mortality table, and from what years, does he say LIC still bases its premium tariffs on? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:consumers-of-a-state-monopoly-lic-policyholders-ptof-l-g-bapat-15-january-1975

     Answer must contain: “Oriental”, “1925-35”

137. il-0145 In The Indian Libertarian's 15 December 1962 issue, the Delhi Letter reports Jayaprakash Narayan calling for which Cabinet minister's resignation, and for the formation of what? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-dec15-1962

     Answer must contain: “Krishna Menon”, “war cabinet”

138. il-0146 In A. D. Shroff's 1958 address 'Two Years of Achievement' to the Forum of Free Enterprise, which two former Finance Ministers does he say there is a 'strong case' for impeaching over the country's economic condition? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:two-years-of-achievement-a-d-shroff-1958

     Answer must contain: “Deshmukh”, “Krishnamachari”

139. il-0147 In A. D. Shroff's 1961 pamphlet 'Industrial Finance and Investment in India', to what price did Tata Iron and Steel Company's Rs. 30 deferred shares rise during the First World War, and what percentage of profits does Shroff say Section 23-A(1) of the income-tax law forces closely-held companies to distribute? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:industrial-finance-and-investment-in-india-a-d-shroff-october-5-1961

     Answer must contain: “1,600”, “50%”

140. il-0148 In Nittoor Srinivasa Rao's 'Integrity in National Life' (delivered as the A. D. Shroff Memorial Lecture), which two classical works — one Indian, one Greek — does he cite to frame integrity as a universal problem of organised life? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:integrity-national-life-nittoor-srinivasa-rao-1971

     Answer must contain: “Arthasastra”, “Frogs”

141. il-0149 In The Indian Libertarian's 1 July 1959 issue, whose banned Polish student-paper piece, reprinted from the New Leader of New York, appears in translation, and what is its title? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jul1-1959

     Answer must contain: “Kolakowski”, “What Is Socialism”

142. il-0150 In A. D. Shroff's 1960 lecture 'Controls in a Planned Economy', how many Dodge cars does he say scarce foreign exchange was diverted to import for ministers and officials, and whose 'laws' does he invoke to characterise bureaucratic growth? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:controls-in-a-planned-economy-a-d-shroff-november-8-1960

     Answer must contain: “160”, “Parkinson”

143. il-0151 According to Indian Liberals' summary of Freedom First issue No. 436 (January–March 1998), which finance minister's 1997-98 budget does the issue credit, alongside the United Front coalition's Common Minimum Programme, with sustaining reform momentum despite coalition instability? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff436

     Answer must contain: “Chidambaram”, “dream budget”

144. il-0152 In J. M. Lobo Prabhu's 1972 Forum of Free Enterprise pamphlet 'A Job-Oriented Fifth Five-Year Plan', how many hectares of idle and waste land does he identify as developable for agriculture, and which state government's 'Standing Offer of Work' programme does he hold up as a model the Fifth Plan should generalise? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:a-job-oriented-fifth-year-plan-j-m-lobo-prabhu-september-15-1972

     Answer must contain: “16.6 million”, “Maharashtra”

145. il-0153 According to Indian Liberals' summary of the Swatantra Party's 1959 Statement of Principles, how many numbered principles does the document contain, and what does Principle 19 commit the party to uphold regarding the courts? Tier B named · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:statement-of-principles-of-the-swatantra-party-aug2-1959

     Answer must contain: “twenty-one”, “judicial review”

146. il-0154 In Freedom First issue No. 468 (January–March 2006), Sharad Bailur defends universal suffrage against whose proposed restriction of the vote to the educated, and what alternative electoral system does he propose to restore single-party majorities? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff468

     Answer must contain: “Palkhivala”, “two-round”

147. il-0155 In Freedom First issue No. 223 (December 1970), C. S. Venkatachar's essay 'Article 356 - Use And Abuse' traces the provision to which section of the 1935 Government of India Act, and which state's 1951 case does he cite among the provision's earliest invocations? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff223

     Answer must contain: “Section 93”, “Punjab”

148. il-0156 In Kiran Nanda's 1995 Forum of Free Enterprise booklet 'Foreign Capital', what were FDI approvals in rupees for 1991 and for 1994, according to the figures she cites? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:foreign-capital-by-kiran-nanda-december-17-1995

     Answer must contain: “Rs.5.3”, “Rs.118.6”

149. il-0157 In Prof. R. J. Taraporevala's 1960 pamphlet on the Finance Act's new company tax scheme, what tax rate range does he recommend as a single flat non-refundable tax on gross corporate profits, and which penal super-tax section does he recommend abolishing along with it? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:new-company-tax-scheme-prof-r-j-taraporevala-feb8-1960

     Answer must contain: “35 and 40 percent”, “Section 23A”

150. il-0158 In M. A. Master's 1959 Forum of Free Enterprise lecture 'Indian Shipping: Its Struggles and Achievements', whose 1923 attempt to buy out the Scindia Steam Navigation Company does he recount, and in what year does he say the Visakhapatnam Shipbuilding Yard was founded by Walchand? Tier B named · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:indian-shipping-m-a-master-sept6-1959

     Answer must contain: “Lord Inchcape”, “1941”

151. il-0159 In Freedom First issue No. 531 (September 2011), the cover pairs Anna Hazare's Ram Lila rally with an older image of which leader addressing crowds in 1975, and what is the title of D. S. Ranga Rao's article comparing the two Lokpal bills? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff531

     Answer must contain: “Jayaprakash Narayan”, “Depends on Who's Asking”

152. il-0160 According to Freedom First issue No. 438 (July–September 1998), on what date did the magazine's founder, Minoo Masani, die? Tier B named · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff438

     Answer must contain: “May 27, 1998”

153. il-0161 A 2002 lecture surveying the challenges facing India's newly liberalised insurance sector reported that worldwide insurance premiums totalled how many billion US dollars in the year 2000? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-challenges-before-the-insurance-industry-in-india-g-n-bajpai-2002

     Answer must contain: “2,443.7”

154. il-0162 A critique of foreign-aid orthodoxy pointed to two pieces of Indian infrastructure built through private investment rather than subsidised public capital as historical counter-examples. What were they? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:reflections-on-foreign-aid-prof-p-tbauer-july-10-1970

     Answer must contain: “Indian Railways”, “Calcutta Tramways”

155. il-0163 A 2003 lecture on shifts reshaping Indian financial services coined a new category tied to the 9/11 attacks and the India-Pakistan military tensions of May 2002. What did it name that category? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:financing-the-changing-paradigm-in-india-uday-kotak-august-6-2003

     Answer must contain: “event risk”

156. il-0164 In the wake of the Fukushima disaster, an editor explained that planned articles on a specific Indian nuclear power project would still run, while calling for calm, dispassionate debate. Which project was it? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff526

     Answer must contain: “Jaitapur”

157. il-0165 A commentary on a 1988 amendment to India's tax code objected to a provision that widened the definition of 'income' to tax employee allowances retroactively. From what date did that retrospective change take effect? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:analysis-of-direct-tax-laws-amendment-bill-dinesh-vyas-1988

     Answer must contain: “1 April 1962”

158. il-0166 An August 1961 editorial accused Nehru of granting Pakistan a specific sum under the Canal Waters agreement even while indulging its complaints about Indian rearmament. How much was it? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-aug1-1961

     Answer must contain: “Rs. 83 crores”

159. il-0167 A 2018 memorial lecture on employing youth with disabilities described a Chennai pilot placing cashiers with speech and hearing impairments, who were preferred by a striking share of surveyed consumers over speaking cashiers. What was that share? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:giving-is-receiving-mrs-meera-shenoy

     Answer must contain: “97%”

160. il-0168 A 1964 talk on the legal position of Indian company directors cited an Allahabad High Court ruling that let courts treat a parent and subsidiary as a single enterprise, holding the holding company's directors liable for the subsidiary's losses. Which businessman was the defendant named in that case? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:rights-duties-and-obligations-n-k-petigara-jun10-1964

     Answer must contain: “Haridas Mundhra”

161. il-0169 A September 1972 periodical column recounted the suppression of an independent Elphinstone College student magazine after its first issue included a story on abortion. What was that magazine called? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff244

     Answer must contain: “Experiment”

162. il-0170 A 1989 lecture arguing that mere majority rule is not true democracy attributed to a particular writer the memorable description of sham elections in African autocracies as amounting to one vote, cast only once. Who was that writer? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-essence-of-democracy-minoo-masani

     Answer must contain: “Elspeth Huxley”

163. il-0171 In 1963, an editorial condemned a Congress revitalisation scheme that had six Central Ministers and six Chief Ministers resign, warning it concentrated power in the hands of one person. Whose removal as Finance Minister did the piece single out as especially reckless given India's financial situation, and which historical figure's appeasement policy did it compare the Prime Minister's foreign policy to? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff136

     Answer must contain: “Morarji Desai”, “Chamberlain”

164. il-0172 A 1972 pamphlet reprinted from a Financial Express series argued that India's black money problem stemmed from confiscatory tax rates and the licence-permit system rather than any inherent dishonesty. It criticised a government committee for leaving an income-tax exemption limit unchanged despite a sharp rise in the wholesale price index, and pointed to a foreign example that could inspire a fix for tax evasion in housing. Whose alternative, higher exemption figure did it endorse, and which country's construction tax holiday did it cite as a model? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:wanchoo-committee-report-on-black-money-h-p-ranina

     Answer must contain: “Bhoothalingam”, “French”

165. il-0173 A 1965 booklet based on a talk given at an international symposium in Turkey argued that developing countries dismiss the price mechanism for dogmatic, ideological reasons rather than sound economics. It named one Indian economist as the lone prominent voice consistently defending the price mechanism, in contrast to a more equivocal colleague. Who was praised as that lone defender, and which economist did the piece describe as comparatively equivocal on the same question? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:efficient-planning-in-a-democratic-society-f-a-mehta-aug10-1965

     Answer must contain: “Shenoy”, “Dantwala”

166. il-0174 A 1984 magazine issue included a historical profile of a Parsi merchant-philanthropist who made his fortune through hazardous trade voyages to China and later funded major civic and educational institutions in colonial Bombay, treating wealth as a personal 'trust' in a way the writer compared to a later Gandhian idea. Which two institutions did the piece credit him with founding? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff373

     Answer must contain: “J. J. School of Art”, “J. J. Hospital”

167. il-0175 A 1956 magazine issue reprinted, in abridged form from an American magazine, an open letter to a novelist reacting to Khrushchev's 'secret speech' about Stalin's crimes, urging him to recognise his anguished self-criticism as something more than routine dissent. From which New York magazine was the letter reprinted, and to which novelist was it addressed? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff052

     Answer must contain: “New Leader”, “Howard Fast”

168. il-0176 A satirical poem printed in a 1972 magazine, reprinted from a student technical magazine and set to the tune of a well-known song, mocked the disruption and expense of a Prime Ministerial visit to a college's convocation -- helipads built over sports grounds, buildings repainted, and restricted parent attendance. Which student publication was the poem originally printed in, and to what song's tune was it set? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff246

     Answer must contain: “Technik”, “My Favourite Things”

169. il-0177 A booklet assessing a Union Budget presented in late February 1989 argued it left India's two core fiscal problems untouched. Which finance minister presented that budget, and what was the size of the budgetary deficit it reported, in crores of rupees? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:union-budget-of-1989-90-provides-no-remedies-for-economic-ills-by-hp-ranina-april-12-1989

     Answer must contain: “Chavan”, “7,337”

170. il-0178 A 1959 fortnightly journal carried an essay arguing education had become a department of the state under both communist and fascist patterns. It praised Gandhi alongside two other independent Indian educators for staying outside government-recognised schooling. Name the other two educators singled out for praise. Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jul15-1959

     Answer must contain: “Tagore”, “Sri Aurobindo”

171. il-0179 A booklet reviewing a Union Budget presented in early 1993 forecast it would set the economy on course for dramatic growth, citing a sharply reduced deficit as the lowest in India's fiscal history. What was that budgetary deficit figure, in crores of rupees, and by what year did the piece predict full convertibility of the rupee on the capital account? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-union-budget-1993-94-laying-the-foundation-for-an-economic-miracle-by-hp-ranina-april-13-1993

     Answer must contain: “4,314”, “1998”

172. il-0180 A 2012 anniversary issue of a long-running Indian liberal magazine, marking sixty years since its founding by a well-known political figure, carried an essay examining whether a proposed anti-terrorism body threatened the constitutional balance between the Union government and the states. Name the body examined, and the year in which the magazine was founded. Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff540

     Answer must contain: “NCTC”, “1952”

173. il-0181 A pamphlet opposing a newly imposed tax on personal fortunes warned that strict enforcement would turn tax inspectors into something like a repressive police force rummaging through citizens' own homes. What memorable term did the pamphlet use for this feared outcome, and what wealth threshold did it set below which a Hindu joint family would owe nothing under the new tax? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:wealth-tax-january-1-1970

     Answer must contain: “Police Raj”, “Rs. 3 lakhs”

174. il-0182 A conference on cultural freedom held in Rangoon in February 1955 opened with an inaugural address from the city's mayor, who warned that the expanding welfare state's planning apparatus risked becoming 'a new form of imperialism.' Who was this mayor, and how many countries were represented among the conference's delegates? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff034

     Answer must contain: “U Ba Nyunt”, “twelve”

175. il-0183 At a 1959 meeting in Bangalore that helped launch a new non-Socialist opposition party, a speaker quoted a West German economics minister's slogan calling for the state to 'let the men and the money loose.' Name that minister, and give the year of the national election the speakers said this new opposition needed to be ready for. Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:for-freedom-farm-and-family-m-a-sreenivasan-aug7-1959

     Answer must contain: “Erhard”, “1962”

176. il-0184 A 2012 editorial responding to a wave of corruption and misgovernance stories proposed a four-front strategy to fight it, while also criticising that year's Union Budget over a controversial tax anti-avoidance rule. Name the acronym for that rule, and name either of the two authors whose paper on national peril and the criminalisation of politics the editorial also referenced. Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff539

     Answer must contain: “GAAR”, “Khumbhojkar”

177. il-0185 A 1984 book review argued that a futurist's vision of decentralised, 'electronic cottage' economies amounted to a modernised version of Mahatma Gandhi's ideals, coining a term for this synthesis that the reviewer said would replace Marxism. Whose book was under review, and what term did the reviewer coin? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff374

     Answer must contain: “Toffler”, “Neo-Gandhism”

178. il-0186 A 1998 memorial lecture on India's chronic underinvestment in infrastructure proposed tradable pollution permits sized to a city's absorptive capacity, illustrating the idea with a numeric example for one city. Which city did the lecture use as its example, and how many individual 1-kilogram permits would be issued under its proposed emissions cap? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:infrastructure-public-goods-and-markets-kirit-s-parekh

     Answer must contain: “Mumbai”, “100,000”

179. il-0187 A June 1971 essay on press freedom, prompted by a Prime Minister's talk of a 'committed' press, cited newspaper circulation figures to argue that India's coverage gap reflected low literacy rather than editorial bias. What circulation figure per 1000 population did the essay give for Indian newspapers, and which East Asian country did it cite as having a much higher figure? Tier B blind · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff229

     Answer must contain: “15 per 1000”, “Japan”

180. il-0188 A December 1954 essay accused an anonymous Times of India columnist of selectively quoting Western anti-Communist writers to make them look foolish. What was the columnist's real name behind the pseudonym, and what was the pseudonym itself? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff031

     Answer must contain: “Sham Lal”, “Adib”

181. il-0189 A March 1970 legal commentary on a Supreme Court ruling that struck down a bank-nationalisation law closed by crediting two people's skilled advocacy for bringing the constitutional issues before the Court — one a doctor who filed the case, the other a leading lawyer who argued it. Name both individuals. Tier B blind · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff214

     Answer must contain: “R. C. Cooper”, “Palkhivala”

182. il-0190 A January 1953 report on a scientist's presidential address to a British science association cited India's First Five-Year Plan data to argue that public-health gains, without matching investment in education, could create ethically troubling population pressure. What annual population growth figure did the address cite for India, and out of what total population? Tier B blind · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff008

     Answer must contain: “5 million”, “360 million”

183. il-0191 Which country's disputed frontier did a 1961 speech use as an analogy for the unpredictable, shifting line between public and private enterprise in Indian industry, and what average pre-tax profit rate did it quote for the public-sector companies under discussion? Tier B blind · single 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:economic-progress-demands-attention-to-private-enterprise-and-scientific-management-by-dr--kk-das-may-8-1961

     Answer must contain: “Indo-Chinese border”, “2.77%”

184. il-0192 A 1993 lecture on India's banking reforms diagnosed the system that produced the previous year's securities scandal with a two-part label — one term about excessive administration, one about insufficient regulation. What were those two terms? Tier B blind · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:financial-sector-reforms-the-unfinished-agenda-m-narasimhan-december-6-1993

     Answer must contain: “over-administered”, “underregulated”

185. il-0193 A reader-contributed piece in a January 1981 magazine on India's neglected cerebrally palsied population estimated the nationwide number of people living with the condition, and stated that government first recognised them as a disabled category eligible for assistance only in which month and year? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff337

     Answer must contain: “8 million”, “October 1980”

186. il-0194 A 1983 essay on the balance of power between the central government and the states argued that a licensing law, expanded through delegated notifications without any constitutional amendment, had brought what share of India's organised industry under Union control — and in what year had that law originally been enacted? Tier B blind · single 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:centre-state-relations-a-broad-perspective-n-a-palkhivala-october-15-1983

     Answer must contain: “93%”, “1951”

187. il-0195 An obituary tribute in a December 2009 magazine described a recently deceased rationalist and debunker of godmen as a modern heir to which ancient Indian philosophical tradition, and named the magazine he himself had founded and run as what? Tier B blind · single 0

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff510

     Answer must contain: “Charvaka”, “Indian Skeptic”

188. il-0196 One 2012 periodical issue carries a cover tribute to a renowned Indian mathematician, and a companion booklet on accountability in Indian public service, reprinted from magazine columns around the same period, names the specific constitutional article (by number) it blames for shielding civil servants from dismissal, and the wartime-era law it blames for entrenching bureaucratic secrecy in government. Name the mathematician honoured on the cover, the constitutional article number, and the law. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff536, primary-works:accountability-in-public-sevice-n-vittal-february-4-2011

     Answer must contain: “Ramanujan”, “311”, “Official Secrets Act”

189. il-0197 One periodical issue from mid-1973 reprints, as a documentary exclusive, a Soviet physicist's postscript to an earlier memorandum he had addressed to a top Soviet leader without ever receiving a reply. A separate issue of the same kind of publication, from five years earlier, reports a Moscow trial of dissidents who had protested a Soviet-led invasion of a Central European country. Name the Soviet physicist and dissident, the Soviet leader to whom his postscript was addressed, and the country whose invasion the Moscow-tried dissidents were protesting. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff254, primary-works:ff198

     Answer must contain: “Sakharov”, “Brezhnev”, “Czechoslovakia”

190. il-0198 An address delivered at an American business school, later reprinted for Indian free-enterprise readers, examines how Japan's labour practices differed from American norms and ties its lessons to a contemporary Indian government committee report on labour. A separate periodical piece from fifteen years earlier accuses Indian industrial planners of copying a foreign country's model of prioritising heavy industry over agriculture, crediting the model's introduction to a named Indian economist. Name the American business school where the address was delivered, the Indian government committee report the reprint's introduction ties it to, and the economist blamed for shaping India's heavy-industry-first planning. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-role-of-labour-in-japanese-economic-miracle-james-d-hodgson-june-14-1978, primary-works:ff138

     Answer must contain: “Wharton”, “Bhootalingam”, “Mahalanobis”

191. il-0199 A Diwali-themed 1957 magazine article, written under a classical pseudonym, argues that democracy requires a new organised liberal party to oppose the ruling party. A 2002 speech given at the launch conclave of a newly formed liberal advocacy organisation, delivered by the regional director of a German political foundation, poses a strategic question about whether that organisation should become a political party or remain a pressure group, and situates it within a worldwide count of liberal parties spanning dozens of countries. Name the pseudonym under which the 1957 article was written, and state how many countries the 2002 speech says those liberal parties span. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-nov15-1957, primary-works:address-first-national-convention-ilg-von-welck-2002

     Answer must contain: “Chanakya”, “67”

192. il-0200 One lecture on the erosion of civil-service integrity is written by someone who is also listed among several prominent attendees at an international seminar on Third World development reported in a separate periodical issue from the same decade. That lecture traces the origin of a competitive entrance examination for the civil service to a specific year, while the periodical's seminar report names the Indian city that hosted the gathering. Give the year the competitive examination began, and name the host city of the seminar. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:transition-in-civil-services-by-bk-nehru-2000, primary-works:ff311

     Answer must contain: “1853”, “Srinagar”

193. il-0201 One work on Indian urban planning endorses a hierarchical neighbourhood-unit model borrowed from a specific planned Indian city, capping density at a stated number of persons per acre. A separate, undated paper on India's housing shortage argues that all of the country's officially approved special economic zones could fit inside the unused land of one district in a particular state. Name the planned city cited as the model in the first work along with its density cap, and name the state whose district could reportedly hold every sanctioned SEZ. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:whither-indian-urbanisation-f-p-antia-1977, primary-works:bungalows-for-all-sauvik-chakraverti

     Answer must contain: “Chandigarh”, “75”, “Goa”

194. il-0202 A 1970 magazine essay opposing socialism in India cites the collapse of small banks following a nationalisation as evidence of the harm state control does to ordinary citizens. A separate, earlier prize-winning essay on the Indian constitution invokes a British judge's book about administrative overreach to characterise India's expanding system of tribunals exempt from ordinary courts. Name the year of the bank nationalisation cited in the 1970 essay, and name the British judge whose book on administrative overreach is invoked in the earlier essay. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff213, primary-works:democracy-in-india-j-m-lobo-prabhu-may8-1960

     Answer must contain: “1969”, “Hewett”

195. il-0203 A magazine editorial marking its own approaching twentieth anniversary quotes a well-known opposition leader's description of a specific constitutional amendment, by number, as a 'reactionary and totalitarian' step threatening press freedom. A separate 1960 leaflet on the press's dependence on economic liberty was written by someone who at the time edited a named Patna newspaper. Name the constitutional amendment number the editorial cites, and name the Patna newspaper the leaflet's author edited. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff236, primary-works:a-free-press-is-linked-with-free-enterprise---a-free-society-by-dr-sachin-sen-june-8-1960

     Answer must contain: “25th”, “Indian Nation”

196. il-0204 The introduction to a 1964 pocketbook of practical business essays, written by the sponsoring organisation's president, argues there is 'no royal path' to eliminating poverty and that raising production and productivity from existing resources is the essential prerequisite. That same organisation's fiftieth-anniversary retrospective, published decades later, names this person as its founder-leader and states the average annual GDP growth rate it says India achieved under the licence-permit regime between 1951 and 1980. Name the founder-leader, and give that GDP growth percentage. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:towards-greater-production-and-productivity-may-1964, primary-works:golden-jubilee-1956-2006

     Answer must contain: “Shroff”, “3.5”

197. il-0205 A March 1964 magazine article attacks new press-accreditation rules introduced by a specific Indian state government, arguing officials could use the rules to reward compliant journalists and punish critics. A speech delivered five years earlier under a business advocacy forum's auspices shows arithmetically that combined income-tax, super-tax and wealth-tax on someone with a stated amount of capital could exceed a specific percentage of that income. Name the Indian state (or its standard abbreviation) whose press-accreditation rules are criticised, and give the percentage the combined taxes are said to exceed. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-mar1-1964, primary-works:a-drastic-budget-n-a-palkhivala-1959

     Answer must contain: “U.P.”, “109”

198. il-0206 One 1994 account describes a farmers' movement renewing its campaign to shut down a government-protected liquor shop while also promoting a fully 'open', non-state economic order ahead of an upcoming convention. A separate booklet explains how a change in cooperative law freed voluntary local associations from a state registrar's sweeping powers over registration, bylaws and liquidation. In which district was the contested liquor shop located, and what court case does the booklet cite as having upheld the state's power to control cooperatives by statute? Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:shetkari-sanghatak-oct-6-1994, primary-works:cooperatives-in-the-changing-economy-of-india

     Answer must contain: “Akola”, “Daman Singh”

199. il-0207 One volume contains a review of a thirty-seven-essay anthology on libertarian thought, describing it as naming economists and philosophers such as Mises, Hazlitt, Friedman, Rothbard and Hospers among its contributors. A companion volume in the same anthology series contains a tribute to an Indian statesman, branding him a lone fighter against 'the cult of Nehruism' and contrasting his struggle against home-bred despotism with an earlier leader's fight against foreign rule. Who edited the anthology reviewed in the first volume, and who wrote the tribute in the second? Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jan-1971-2, primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jan-1971

     Answer must contain: “Machan”, “Shroff”

200. il-0208 One 1956 report describes a press conference at which secret Communist Party of India documents from its Fourth Congress were made public, including a closed-session speech responding to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party. A separate, much shorter piece -- a reproduced magazine article by a prominent anti-communist Indian liberal -- argues that India's foreign and security policy needed to abandon a longstanding habit of appeasement. Name the CPI leader who delivered the closed-session speech, and give the issue number of the magazine from which the appeasement article was reproduced. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff053, primary-works:an-end-to-appeasement-m-r-masani

     Answer must contain: “Ajoy Ghosh”, “91”

201. il-0209 One 1960s diagnostic report on a South Asian economy identifies an over-valued currency -- pegged at a fixed exchange rate since a specific year under colonial-era arrangements -- as one of three core problems, alongside a savings shortage and inflationary budget deficits. A separate 1990s commentary on an Indian Union Budget explains how new tax provisions aimed to expand the taxpayer base beyond a strikingly small existing total, in a country with a much larger middle class. In what year was that exchange rate originally fixed, and how many taxpayers did the existing base amount to before the reform? Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:economic-situation-and-trends-in-ceylon-a-programme-of-reform, primary-works:a-historic-budget-by-hp-ranina-april-13-1994

     Answer must contain: “1925”, “8-million”

202. il-0210 One central banker's speech from the early 1970s argues that automatically issuing short-term government bills to cover budget deficits undermines the central bank's purpose, and proposes that any credit expansion above a threshold be debated openly in Parliament, following the practice of a specific other country. Around the same time, a set of public lectures on inflation includes one speaker's proposal for a scheme, referred to by a coined acronym, for demonetising high-denomination currency notes. Which country's practice does the central banker's speech recommend as a parliamentary model, and what is the coined name of the demonetisation scheme? Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:whither-central-banking-h-v-r-iyengar-december-1972, primary-works:a-package-plan-for-inflation-dr-r-c-cooper-dhirajlal-maganlal-minoo-r-shroff-prof-gangadhar-gadgil-july-1974

     Answer must contain: “Australian”, “SEMIBOMBLA”

203. il-0211 One 2012 magazine issue covers a Mumbai riot near a well-known maidan on 11 August, alongside an article proposing solar energy as a remedy for power-grid failures. A separate 1997 lecture on transforming India's civil services envisions bureaucrats and business working together under a single national framework, taking a small Southeast Asian city-state as its model, and argues that regulatory complexity itself functions like a tax paid to intermediaries rather than the government. Who wrote the solar-energy article, and which organisation does the lecture cite as a successful example of deploying government officers on secondment to the private sector? Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff543, primary-works:administrators-managers-and-leadership-by-deepak-parekh-1997

     Answer must contain: “Bhide”, “IL&FS”

204. il-0212 One human-rights-themed special issue from 1979 quotes a French priest's eyewitness account of a Southeast Asian revolutionary regime's brutality, and cites a Planning Commission estimate of the share of India's rural and urban population living below the poverty line in 1977-78. An earlier 1972 issue of the same periodical reviews a book about a Soviet scientist's forced psychiatric confinement at a named hospital, imposed as punishment for his political dissent. Name the French priest quoted in the 1979 issue, and name the hospital where the Soviet scientist was confined. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff314, primary-works:ff238

     Answer must contain: “Ponchaud”, “Kaluga”

205. il-0213 One 1960 issue includes a review of a book about the Soviet agent who assassinated a prominent exiled revolutionary with an ice-axe in Mexico. A later 1970 issue of the same periodical includes an essay disputing the case for large-scale land redistribution, citing a named economist's conclusion that India has little scope for such 'distributist' land reform. Name the assassin discussed in the 1960 review, and name the economist cited in the 1970 essay. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:ff099, primary-works:ff220

     Answer must contain: “Mercader”, “Lipton”

206. il-0214 The same commentator on Indian federalism and free enterprise wrote two documents eight years apart. In an earlier 1970 piece, he criticises a bank-nationalisation ordinance and endorses a political party's proposal requiring prior judicial enquiry before any future nationalisation. In a later lecture delivered as a memorial tribute, he identifies a particular general election as the moment that broke India's 'unitary' one-party political pattern. Name the political party whose proposal he endorses in the earlier piece, and give the year of the general election identified as the watershed in the later lecture. Tier B blind · multi 1

     Expected sources: primary-works:business-and-public-welfare-v-k-narasimhan-march-9-1970, primary-works:pluralism---mixed-economy-a-basis-for-centre-state-relations-v-k-narasimhan-february-14-1978

     Answer must contain: “Jana Sangh”, “1967”

207. il-0215 One booklet illustrates its argument about 'last mile' governance with a story about an elderly tribal woman's pension, tying her eventual financial inclusion to a specific digital identity and banking initiative known by an acronym. A separate report on a governance-themed national convention, dedicated to the birth centenary of a Liberal Group's founder, includes a position paper that invokes a renowned economist's concept describing the intellectual arrogance behind state planning. Give the acronym for the digital initiative named in the first document, and name the economist whose concept is invoked in the second document's position paper. Tier B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:governance-democracy-in-india-r-balasubramanian, primary-works:report-second-national-convention-mangalore-feburary-18-20-2005-july-2005

     Answer must contain: “JAM”, “Hayek”

208. il-0216 A 1958 critique of Indian tax law singled out a piece of legislation rushed through Parliament with its Select Committee given less than a week to report, warning that such haste produced loose drafting and unjust provisions. A separate analysis of India's money-supply growth between 1951 and 1970 identified deficit financing as the principal domestic channel behind the currency's expansion. What was the name of the hastily passed tax act, and what money-supply figure, in crores of rupees, did the analysis record for 1970-71? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:crushing-burden-of-taxation-nani-palkhivala-1958, primary-works:inflation-in-india-l-g-bapat

     Paragraph anchors: p-9dc500

     Answer must contain: “Gift Tax Act”, “6,987”

209. il-0217 One oral history recalls a scholarship student who, after finishing his degree at a university founded by a nationalist educationist, won a further scholarship to study economics in London, where one of his teachers was an Austrian-school economist; he went on to publish one of the first papers by an Indian economist in a refereed international journal. A separate report on a political party's convention held in Bangalore on 1-2 February describes its general secretary's candid admission about the section of Big Business the party depended on for funds. Name the London institution where the student studied economics, and quote the phrase the general secretary used to describe that section of Big Business. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:br-shenoys-early-life-and-association-with-independence-movement, primary-works:ff142

     Paragraph anchors: p-0d3c77

     Answer must contain: “London School of Economics”, “supine and cowardly”

210. il-0218 One memorial lecture, comparing India's investment in higher education to that of other nations, cited how many researchers per million people India had, against far higher figures in America and Scandinavia. A separate analysis of a specific inflationary crisis reported how much deficit financing the government had run up in just the first three months of a fiscal year, against a far smaller sum budgeted for the entire year. What was India's researchers-per-million figure, and what was the three-month deficit-financing figure, in crores of rupees? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:the-emerging-scenario-in-education-2, primary-works:deficit-financing-inflation-and-price-control-k-j-ayaraman-november-14-1973

     Paragraph anchors: p-d34b4c

     Answer must contain: “156”, “380 crores”

211. il-0219 One profile describes a 1917 delegation that met with a British official during constitutional-reform negotiations, a delegation whose members later helped secure women's right to vote in a particular Indian city in 1921. A separate 1957 periodical issue carries a report scrutinising a national leader's foreign-policy address delivered at a conference in a northern Indian town. In which city were women first granted the right to vote, per the profile, and in which town was the address examined by the periodical delivered? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: opinions:the-resolute-abala-bose, primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-oct1-1957

     Paragraph anchors: p-6b9b8f

     Answer must contain: “Madras”, “Jammu”

212. il-0220 One interviewee recalled that a leading Indian industrialist was ridiculed for founding an institute of higher learning in a decade when detractors said he could not even feed his own people. A separate periodical's 1958 special issue about a re-arrested regional leader recalls that the Prime Minister had, in 1947, installed him straight out of the previous ruler's prison and onto what the piece calls 'the throne of' a particular office. In what decade, as phrased by the interviewee, was the institute founded, and what office's throne did the piece say the leader was installed onto? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:minoo-shroff-on-nehru-welfare-and-indias-promise, primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-feb1-1958

     Paragraph anchors: p-181ece

     Answer must contain: “eighteen nineties”, “Premiership”

213. il-0221 One economist recalled telling a newspaper, in a widely reprinted eight-column interview, that the 'shortest route' between two Indian cities ran through a particular foreign capital -- his way of explaining why he took his reform arguments abroad rather than only to the domestic government. A separate periodical from the same era, reporting on a purge that followed a foreign leader's short-lived call for open criticism, named the official whose report put the number of people investigated at 17.7 lakh. Name the foreign capital in the economist's phrase, and name the official whose report gave that figure. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:d-r-pendse-on-the-1991-crisis, primary-works:ff070

     Paragraph anchors: p-990742

     Answer must contain: “Washington”, “Lo Jui-ching”

214. il-0222 One 2023 piece about a series of talks on classical liberal ideas notes that the archive hosting them had, by that year, translated texts from four regional languages and reached nearly a certain number of digitized pages. A separate 1957 periodical issue reports that a Communist leader's security forces had liquidated a specific number of people between 1949 and 1954, by the leader's own admission. Name the four regional languages the archive's translated texts come from, and give the number of people the leader admitted his security forces had liquidated. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: opinions:indian-liberals-annual-lecture-2023, primary-works:ff062

     Paragraph anchors: p-96099b

     Answer must contain: “Gujarati”, “800,000”

215. il-0223 One essay comparing the fortunes of a political-economic movement in the West against its fortunes in India closes by noting that a Pune-based social-research organisation convened two seminars, with the assistance of a national social-science research body. A separate 1991 periodical issue carries a tribute written on the occasion of a veteran industrialist's retirement as chairman of a major trust group. Name the Pune-based organisation that convened the seminars, and name the group whose chairmanship the tribute's subject was retiring from. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:democratic-socialism-in-india, primary-works:ff409

     Paragraph anchors: p-1078b6

     Answer must contain: “Samaj Prabodhan Sanstha”, “Tata Sons”

216. il-0224 One tribute recalls that meeting its subject on a specific date in the mid-1990s reshaped how the narrator judged political leaders ever after. A separate pamphlet reviewing a mid-1960s Union Budget as a verdict on a five-year economic plan reports that industrial growth had slumped from one percentage to another over the plan period. Give the exact date, including the year, that the tribute's narrator met its subject, and give the lower of the two industrial-growth percentages cited in the budget review. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: opinions:why-remember-sharad-joshi, primary-works:the-economic-implications-of-the-union-budget-for-1966-67-professor-russi-jal-taraporevala-april-20-1966

     Paragraph anchors: p-8a4cb8

     Answer must contain: “25 December 1994”, “7.5 per cent”

217. il-0225 One economist recalled that a British think tank devoted to classical liberalism was among the few such venues in England at the time, and that meeting two prominent free-market economists there proved a turning point in his own thinking. He recalled being told by one of those economists, an Austrian-school theorist who had just finished a major work on political philosophy, that his monetarist colleague was 'on the same side politically' but was, in the theorist's own phrase, a certain kind of economist who did not believe in econometrics. A separate 2018 essay describes a national health scheme, discussed in a Union Budget review, that promised medical cover up to a specific rupee amount per family. Complete the theorist's two-word description of his colleague, and give the per-family rupee cover amount for the health scheme. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:deepak-lal-on-f-a-hayek-and-milton-friedman, primary-works:the-union-budget-2018-19-h-p-ranina-sunil-s-bhandare

     Paragraph anchors: p-d6cdd3

     Answer must contain: “fine tuner”, “Rs. 5 lakh”

218. il-0227 A 1952 essay written amid Cold War anxieties responds to a scientist's warning that unlimited population growth threatens the world's food supply, and notes that an international population-planning conference due to meet in Bombay will include a well-known American birth-control pioneer. A later booklet diagnosing the causes of India's rising prices quantifies the country's annual population growth rate as a driver of a nationwide shortage in one staple crop category. Name the birth-control pioneer mentioned as attending the Bombay conference, and state the annual population growth percentage the booklet blames for outpacing food supply. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:the-universality-of-human-values, primary-works:the-problem-of-rising-prices-causes-a-s-bhaskar-aug9-1964

     Paragraph anchors: p-6e500f

     Answer must contain: “Sanger”, “2.3 per cent”

219. il-0228 A 2020 talk about how Hindi cinema moved away from valorising collective self-sacrifice cites a 1950s–60s film in which the mother-heroine kills her own son to preserve her village's honour, contrasting this with the individualism of later decades' films. A Marathi farmers' movement's fortnightly periodical, in an issue from the very end of 1995, prints a leader's speech delivered soon after an electoral defeat, insisting the movement's real aim was never political power. Name the film with the self-sacrificing mother, and give the specific date and place where the leader delivered that speech. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:bollywoods-transition-from-socialism-to-liberal-ideas, primary-works:shetkari-sanghatak-dec-28-1995

     Paragraph anchors: p-80d610

     Answer must contain: “Mother India”, “Narkhed”, “12 December 1995”

220. il-0229 A musing quotes a Southeast Asian nation's first prime minister recalling how, as independence approached, he personally persuaded a communist insurgent commander to end his armed struggle, later concluding from that conversation that communism would tolerate no rival ideology. A separate booklet compiling three student essays on land policy argues that a communist power's collectivisation of agriculture succeeded only through coercion tied to industrial labour demands, drawing a parallel with a Balkan country's abandonment of collective farming once output fell. Name the insurgent commander the prime minister says he persuaded to end the armed struggle, and name the Balkan country whose retreat from collective farming is cited as a parallel. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:war-between-opposing-ideologies, primary-works:cooperative-farming-sree-rama-murthy-jul5-1960

     Paragraph anchors: p-c91034

     Answer must contain: “Chin Peng”, “Yugoslavia”

221. il-0231 One organisation founded in Mumbai in 1956 to make the case for private enterprise to the Indian public has, according to its profile, produced one of the largest single bodies of primary works in the Indian classical-liberal tradition; its General Secretary held that post for two decades. A 1963 pamphlet the organisation published diagnoses a new form of corruption that, in a proverb attributed to one nationality, 'rots from head downwards.' Name the person who held the General Secretary post for two decades, and give the nationality of the proverb used to describe this new corruption. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: organisations:forum-of-free-enterprise, primary-works:economy-and-efficiency-in-public-administration-in-india-c-s-venkatachar-may-8-1963

     Paragraph anchors: p-7fbcfc

     Answer must contain: “M. R. Pai”, “Turkish”

222. il-0232 A 1971 lecture excerpt defending a fundamental right — before it would later be downgraded from Fundamental Right status — quotes a Renaissance political theorist's observation about what men would sooner forgive than the loss of their property. A 1995 election manifesto for a fledgling farmers' party, printed in a farmers' movement periodical ahead of that year's state assembly election, lists the restoration of this same right to farmers as a core plank of its reform programme. Name the Renaissance theorist quoted in the 1971 lecture, and name the party whose manifesto calls for restoring this right to farmers. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:constitution-and-the-common-man, primary-works:shetkari-sanghatak-jan-21-1995

     Paragraph anchors: p-d8468f

     Answer must contain: “Machiavelli”, “Swatantra Bharat Paksha”

223. il-0233 An essay reflecting on Indian liberalism's fortunes describes a newer liberal party's 1994 debut in Maharashtra's state Assembly elections, where it polled over a million votes but won only two seats. A separate 1969 memorial lecture illustrates genuine economic statesmanship by contrasting a British Prime Minister who 'promised everything and gave nothing' with his wartime successor who promised only blood, toil, tears and sweat. Name the newer liberal party described in the essay, and name the earlier British Prime Minister described as having 'promised everything and gave nothing.' A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: theprint-mirror:indian-liberalism-vedanta-nehruvian-socialism, primary-works:the-need-for-economic-statesmanship-s-l-kirloskar-december-10-1969

     Paragraph anchors: p-66277b

     Answer must contain: “Swatantra Bharat”, “Neville Chamberlain”

224. il-0234 A retrospective interview recalls a think tank founder's memory of an early talk to a newspaper's editorial team, where a senior staffer's first question was about which intelligence agency was funding him — a suspicion the founder says was popularised by a national leader's rhetoric about a 'foreign hand.' A separate 1970 booklet, the text of a lecture delivered by a sitting Member of Parliament shortly after his two-year term chairing a specific parliamentary financial committee, opens by invoking the old maxim 'no taxation without representation.' Name the intelligence agency the staffer asked about, and name the parliamentary committee the speaker had chaired. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:centre-for-civil-society-a-journey-in-time, primary-works:public-accountability-m-r-masani-m-p-february-10-1970

     Paragraph anchors: p-fa3d2c

     Answer must contain: “Public Accounts Committee”

225. il-0235 A ThePrint-mirrored essay on the constitutional imposition of Hindi as India's official language recounts a near-tied Constituent Assembly vote, quoting the Drafting Committee chairman's own book for the exact tally. A 1973 magazine's lead editorial, warning that the government was drifting toward a particular ideological character, sets out an alternative reform programme in response. Name the book quoted for the Constituent Assembly's tally on the Hindi question, and give the ideological label — quoted in the original — that the editorial uses for the government's drift. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: theprint-mirror:hindi-imposition-constitution, primary-works:ff252

     Paragraph anchors: p-5f340b

     Answer must contain: “Thoughts On Linguistic States”, “monopolist and Marxist”

226. il-0238 One essay on democracy quotes a nineteenth-century Italian political theorist's warning that a society stops being democratic once government becomes the sole employer and landlord, leaving no independent social force able to oppose it. A speech given at a business-advocacy body's Silver Jubilee argues that all so-called economic controls are, in truth, only ever controls on people rather than on goods, since goods themselves have no preferences. Name the Italian theorist quoted in the first piece, and the international trade body whose immediate past presidency the speaker in the second piece had just held. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:the-essence-of-democracy-3, primary-works:free-market-economy-key-to-economic-progress-and-freedoms-by-ma-rangoonwala-1982

     Paragraph anchors: p-cc9c30

     Answer must contain: “Croce”, “International Chamber of Commerce”

227. il-0239 A nineteenth-century Bengal social reformer, remembered as an early defender of press freedom, submitted a formal memorial to the Governor-General protesting a licensing ordinance imposed on Indian-language newspapers — in what year did he submit it? Separately, an unsigned notes section in a Cold War-era periodical issue from 1955 criticises a newly proposed government body for publishing books, warning that it risks something specific at the expense of private publishers — what does the note say it risks? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: thinkers:raja-ram-mohan-roy, primary-works:ff042

     Paragraph anchors: p-8a3f72

     Answer must contain: “1823”, “political favouritism”

228. il-0241 A parliamentarian associated with a market-oriented opposition party, jailed after the 1975 Emergency, wrote a book on democracy during his prison term and later hoped to launch a grassroots political movement built on booth-level volunteer service — what name did he give the proposed movement? Separately, a June 1977 compilation pamphlet on India's economic direction summarises a monetarist scheme for capping inflation, built around a constitutional cap on money-supply growth and known by its own acronym — what is that acronym? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: opinions:piloo-mody-swatantra-witty-parliamentarian, primary-works:fresh-thinking-on-planning-and-prices-june-14-1977

     Paragraph anchors: p-a3c5bd

     Answer must contain: “Nav Nirman”, “FULLMANGAL”

229. il-0242 A young woman in nineteenth-century Bombay refused to live with the husband to whom she had been married as a child, prompting a court case that sought to force her back to him — name the husband. She later trained as a doctor at which named university? Separately, a periodical issue from September 1971 carries an open letter, from a former Indian Ambassador to the United States, accusing American arms support for a regional crackdown of amounting to what serious crime? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:rukhmabai-an-unrelenting-force-against-patriarchy-indian-liberals, primary-works:ff232

     Paragraph anchors: p-af3bc5

     Answer must contain: “Bikaji”, “University of London”, “genocide”

230. il-0243 A 1957 presidential address to an employers' federation recounts the government's takeover, by executive order, of the internal trade in one particular commodity — which commodity? The same address closes by quoting a maxim on the limits of legitimate government from which American president? Separately, a constitutional-law pamphlet on property rights anchors its argument in a real compensation case involving a named company under a 1953 West Bengal land-acquisition law — name the company. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:homi-mody-free-enterprise-foreign-exchange, primary-works:compensation-or-expropriation-by-dr-rustom-c-cooper

     Paragraph anchors: p-5a1890, p-8948dd

     Answer must contain: “cement”, “Lincoln”, “Port Canning”

231. il-0244 An interviewee recalls that a noted business journalist attended the first of a series of early-1990s conferences near Nashik, organised to shape an alternative liberal budget — name that journalist (surname is sufficient). Separately, a 2012 book making an absolutist case for free speech treats a 1988 ban on a controversial novel as the watershed moment that emboldened religious hardliners in India — name the novel. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: primary-works:sunil-bhandare-on-private-enterprise-post-1991-reforms, primary-works:at-liberty-to-express-and-offend

     Paragraph anchors: p-bb4cd4

     Answer must contain: “Ninan”, “Satanic Verses”

232. il-0245 A piece on reforming the bureaucracy recalls that it began as an address to an international seminar held in a particular Indian coastal state, and proposes a 'sunset law' capping how long any government department may run before requiring fresh legislative approval — name the state, and the length of that cap. Separately, a 1979 lecture on market economies argues that hostility to markets in the Third World is partly propagated through international bodies, and lists several United Nations agencies by their acronyms — name one of the acronyms it lists. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: theprint-mirror:indian-bureaucracy-incentives-rewards, primary-works:market-by-the-dock-by-pt-bauer-january-1981

     Paragraph anchors: p-ec446c, p-4e614f

     Answer must contain: “Goa”, “ten years”, “ECAFE”

233. il-0246 One text reproduces a Lok Sabha speech that leans on a landmark Supreme Court judgement to argue that Parliament cannot touch a specific part of the Constitution. Another text is a magazine's contemporary notes column praising a later Supreme Court ruling that struck down government restrictions on newspapers. Which part of the Constitution did the 1967 judgement place beyond Parliament's reach, and which advocate does the notes column credit with winning the newspaper case? A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:fundamental-rights-protection-against-tyranny, primary-works:ff247

     Paragraph anchors: p-0512c4

     Answer must contain: “Part III”, “Palkhivala”

234. il-0247 One profile records its subject taking a brief hiatus from his career in the late 1940s to become India's first ambassador to a large South American country. A separate pamphlet on regional-development policy abroad names that same country's federal agency and development bank set up to combat backwardness in its poorer regions. Name the agency and the bank the pamphlet credits, and give the two years during which the profiled figure served as that country's ambassador. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: thinkers:minoo-masani, primary-works:economic-development-of-backward-areas-d-r-pendse-september-14-1976

     Paragraph anchors: p-04e457

     Answer must contain: “SUDENE”, “Banco do Nordeste”, “1948”

235. il-0248 In one text, the head of an international lender moderates a heated exchange between a government minister and a foreign bank's chief executive over whether well-designed policy is, by itself, enough to attract infrastructure investment. In a separate anthology of pro-market essays, a Soviet-era statistic is cited showing that a tiny share of privately held farmland produced a full third of the country's total agricultural output. Name the international lender the moderator heads, and give the percentage of Soviet cultivated land that was privately held according to that statistic. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:piyush-vs-piyush-beautiful-policies-are-not-enough, primary-works:essays-by-foreign-economists-august-1971

     Paragraph anchors: p-d4a0d4

     Answer must contain: “Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank”, “three percent”

236. il-0249 One text names a car whose styling barely changed across 40 years of Indian production, citing it as the textbook case of an 'infant industry' that never grew up under import protection. A separate magazine's editorial, published soon after a border war with a large neighbour, mourns the collapse of a Hindi-language phrase that had proclaimed brotherhood with that neighbour. Name the car and the British model it was based on, and give the Hindi phrase the editorial mourns. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:india-seeing-the-future-in-its-past, primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jan1-1963

     Paragraph anchors: p-1712d9

     Answer must contain: “Oxford Morris”, “Hindi-Chini-bhai-bhai”

237. il-0250 One text criticises Indian policy-makers for only ever learning from their own past learning, illustrating the point with a specific book review, published in a financial daily on a specific date, of a planning economist's book. A separate, older periodical issue is dominated by the collapse of a five-principles doctrine of peaceful coexistence with a northern neighbour, following a Himalayan ruler's flight into India. Name the book under review and the exact date the review appeared, and name the doctrine that collapsed. A + B blind · multi 0.5

     Expected sources: musings:obstacles-to-liberalisation-and-market-economy, primary-works:the-indian-libertarian-jun1-1959

     Paragraph anchors: p-4776bf

     Answer must contain: “Development Planning”, “11th January 1988”, “Panchsheela”

238. il-abs-001 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1921? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

239. il-abs-002 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1924? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

240. il-abs-003 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1925? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

241. il-abs-004 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1926? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

242. il-abs-005 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1927? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

243. il-abs-006 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1929? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

244. il-abs-007 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1931? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

245. il-abs-008 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1932? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

246. il-abs-009 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1934? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

247. il-abs-010 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1935? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

248. il-abs-011 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1936? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

249. il-abs-012 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1938? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

250. il-abs-013 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1943? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

251. il-abs-014 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1944? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

252. il-abs-015 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1945? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 1

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

253. il-abs-016 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1946? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

254. il-abs-017 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1947? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

255. il-abs-018 What does the Indian Liberals archive hold that was published in 1951? Give me the works and what they argue. Not held named · abstention 0.5

     Expected sources:

     Answer must contain:

Raw data

• /eval/pool.json : the frozen question pool
• /eval/results.json : the graded run, question by question
• /AGENTS.md : the citation contract the agents under test are given

What this does not measure

• Factual correctness. The grader checks whether the right sources were found and cited honestly, not whether every sentence around them is true.
• Paraphrase. A correct answer that avoids the expected distinctive strings scores below its merit. Substring matching cannot tell a good paraphrase from a miss, and the alternative is a model judge, which is not reproducible.
• Tool traces. The strict score trusts the trace the agent reports. A cooperative agent reports it faithfully; an adversarial one could not be caught this way. The graded score does not use the trace at all.
• Tier A pages with nothing to cite. Several hundred thinker and organisation pages hold only structured metadata, with no prose and therefore no paragraph anchors. The pool draws Tier A questions only from pages that genuinely carry anchors, so the score does not average in documents no agent could have cited.